
The Navy Department Library
- Expand navigation for A A
- Abbreviations Used for Navy Enlisted Ratings
- "The Ablest Men"
- Abolishing the Spirit Rations in the Navy
- Account of the Battle of Iwo Jima
- Account of the Operations of the American Navy in France During the War With Germany
- Act providing a Naval Armament
- Action Report, Battle of Okinawa at RP Station #1, 12 April 1945
- Action Report USS LCS(L) (3) 57, Battle of Okinawa at RP Station #1, Apriil 12, 1945
- Advanced Intelligence Centers in the US Navy
- Admiral Caperton in Haiti
- Afghan Wars 1839-42 and 1878-80
- Afghanistan: A Short Account by P.F. Walker
- Afghanistan - Silver Star Presented Francis L. Toner IV
- African Squadron
- Agreement Between the United States and the Republic of Haiti
- Alcohol in the Navy
- The Aleutians Campaign
- Allied Ships present in Tokyo Bay
- Amelia Earhart
- American Naval Mission in the Adriatic, 1918-1921
- American Naval Participation in the Great War (With Special Reference to the European Theater of Operations)
- American Naval Planning Section London
- American Ship Casualties of the World War
- Amphibious Landings in Lingayen Gulf
- Amphibious Operations: Capture of Iwo Jima
- Amphibious Operations - The Planning Phase
- Analysis of the Advantage of Speed and Changes of Course in Avoiding Attack by Submarine
- Anchor of Resolve
- Expand navigation for Annual Reports of the Secretary of the Navy Annual Reports of the Secretary of the Navy
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1821
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1822
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1823
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1824
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1825
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1826
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1827
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1828
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1829
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1830
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1831
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1832
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1833
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1834
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1835
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1836
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1837
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1838
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1839
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1840
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1841
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1842
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1843
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1941
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - 1845
- Anomaly of the Enlisted Officer
- Answering a Call in a Crisis
- Antiaircraft Action Summary
- Antiaircraft Action Summary COMINCH P-009
- Antisubmarine Information, ONI No. 14, 1918
- Antisubmarine Tactics, ONI No. 42, 1918
- Antisubmarine Warfare, ONI No. 9, 1917
- Anti-Suicide Action Summary
- Are the Southern Privateersmen Pirates?
- Arleigh Burke: The Last CNO
- Armed Forces Expeditionary Medals
- Army-Navy E Award
- Articles for the Government of the United States Navy, 1930
- Assault Landings on Leyte Island
- The Assault on Kwajalein and Majuro (Part One)
- Atlantis: The Legendary Island
- Attack on Halifax and Adjacent Territory
- Aviation Personnel Fatalities in World War II
- Awards Manual 1994
- Expand navigation for B B
- Battle of the Atlantic Volume 4 Technical Intelligence From Allied Communications Intelligence
- Battenberg Cup Award
- Battle Experience - Radar Pickets
- Battle Instructions for the German Navy
- Battle for Iwo Jima
- Battle of Derna, 27 April 1805: Selected Naval Documents
- Battle of Guadalcanal
- Battle of Jutland War Game
- Battle of Lake Erie: Building the Fleet in the Wilderness
- Battle of Manila Bay, 1 May 1898
- Battle of Midway: Aerology and Naval Warfare
- Battle of Midway: Army Air Forces
- Battle of Midway: 3-6 June 1942 Combat Narrative
- Battle of Midway: 4-7 June 1942
- Battle of Midway, 4-7 June 1942: Combat Intelligence
- Battle of Midway: 4-7 June 1942 SRH-230
- Battle of Midway - Interrogation of Japanese Officials
- Battle of Midway: Japanese Plans Chapter 5 of The Campaigns of the Pacific War
- Battle of Midway: Preliminaries
- Battle of Midway: U.S. Marine Corps
- Battle of Mobile Bay
- Battle of Mobile Bay: Selected Documents
- Battle of Savo Island August 9th, 1942 Strategic and Tactical Analysis
- Battle of the Atlantic Volume 3 German Naval Communication Intelligence
- Battle of the Atlantic Volume 4 Technical Intelligence From Allied Communications Intelligence
- Battle of the Coral Sea
- Battle of the Coral Sea- Combat Narrative
- Battle of the Nile
- Battle of Tripoli Harbor, 3 August 1804: Selected Naval Documents
- Battlecruisers in the United States and the United Kingdom, 1902-1922.
- The Battles of Cape Esperance 11 October 1942 and Santa Cruz Islands 26 October 1942
- Battles of Savo Island and Eastern Solomons
- Bayly's Navy
- Beans, Bullets, and Black Oil
- Bells on Ships
- Bismarck, Sinking of
- Boat Pool 15-1 Manila, P.I. Thanksgiving '22 Nov. 45
- Blockade-running Between Europe and the Far East by Submarines, 1942-44
- Bombing As a Policy Tool in Vietnam
- Expand navigation for Boxer Rebellion and the US Navy, 1900-1901 Boxer Rebellion and the US Navy, 1900-1901
- Brass Monkey
- Brief History of Civilian Personnel in the US Navy Department
- A Brief History of Naval Cryptanalysis
- Brief History of Punishment by Flogging in the US Navy
- Brief History of the Seagoing Marines
- Brief Summary of the Perry Expedition to Japan, 1853
- Bronze Guns (cannons) Glossary
- Budget of the US Navy: 1794 to 2014
- Expand navigation for Building the Navy's Bases in World War II Building the Navy's Bases in World War II
- Bull Ensign
- Bunker Busters: Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator Issues
- Expand navigation for By Sea, Air, and Land By Sea, Air, and Land
- Foreword
- Chapter 1: The Early Years, 1950-1959
- Chapter 2: The Era of Growing Conflict, 1959-1965
- Chapter 3: The Years of Combat, 1965-1968
- Chapter 4: Winding Down the War, 1968 - 1973
- Chapter 5: The Final Curtain, 1973 - 1975
- Medal of Honor Recipients of the U.S. Navy in Vietnam
- Secretaries of the Navy and Key United States Naval Officers, 1950 - 1975
- Aircraft Tailcodes
- Enemy Aircraft Shot Down by Naval Aviators in Southeast Asia
- Bibliography
- Glossary
- Expand navigation for C C
- Expand navigation for Cannons of the Washington Navy Yard Cannons of the Washington Navy Yard
- No. 1 Austrian 6-pounder Howitzer with cutout
- No. 1 Austrian 6-pounder Howitzer - Plaque
- No. 2 French 4-pounder Smoothbore
- No. 3 Austrian 6-pounder Howitzer
- No. 4 Austrian 6-pounder Howitzer
- No. 4 Austrian 6-pounder Howitzer - Sight Cutaway
- No. 5 Japanese Gun - Bore 6.875 inches
- No. 6 4-pounder
- No. 6 Austrian 4-pounder
- No. 7 U.S. Army 24-pounder Howitzer
- No. 8 Spanish 12-pounder
- No. 9 Spanish 6-pounder
- No. 9 Spanish 6-pounder - Arms
- No. 10 Spanish 27 -pounder
- No. 10 Spanish 27-pounder - Plaque
- No.11 French 12-pounder
- No. 11 French 12-pounder - Le Belliqueux
- No. 11 French 12-pounder - Plaque
- No. 11 French 12-pounder - Royal Arms
- No. 12 French 12-pounder
- No. 12 French 12-pounder - Le Vigoureux
- No. 12 French 12-pounder - Plaque
- No. 13 Spanish 27-pounder
- No. 13 Spanish 27-pounder - Plaque
- No.14 Spanish 12-pounder
- No. 14 Spanish 12-pounder - Plaque
- No. 15 Spanish 12-pounder
- No. 15 Spanish 12-pounder - Plaque
- No. 16 Spanish 12-pounder
- No. 16 Spanish 12-pounder - Plaque
- No. 17 Spanish 12-pounder
- No. 17 Spanish 12-pounder - Plaque
- No. 18 Spanish 12-pounder
- No. 18 Spanish 12-pounder - Plaque
- No. 19 Spanish 9-pounder
- No. 19 Spanish 9-pounder - Plaque
- No. 20 Spanish 9-pounder
- No. 20 Spanish 9-pounder - Cambernon
- No. 20 Spanish 9-pounder - Plaque
- No. 21 British Howitzer
- No. 22 British Howitzer
- No. 23 4.63-inch Howitzer
- No. 23 4.63-inch Howitzer
- No. 23 4.63-inch Howitzer - 249
- No. 24 6.5-inch Spanish Howitzer
- No. 25 Venetian 5.75-inch Howitzer
- No. 25 Venetian 5.75-inch Howitzers
- No. 26 Venetian 5.75-inch Howitzer
- Flagpole and Mortars
- Flagpole and Mortars - Base
- Flagpole and Mortars - Mortar
- The Navy Museum
- View Along Dahlgren Avenue
- Captain Raphael Semmes and the C.S.S. Alabama
- Captain Samuel Nicholson: A Monograph [pdf]
- Capture of CSS Florida by USS Wachusett - Report of Commander Napoleon Collins
- Capture of CSS Florida by USS Wachusett - Report of Lieutenant Morris
- Capture of the Frigate USS Philadelphia
- Caribbean Tempest: The Dominican Republic Intervention of 1965
- Carrier Deployments During the Vietnam Conflict
- Carrier Locations - Pearl Harbor Attack
- Carrier Strikes on the China Coast
- Case of the Somers' Mutiny 1843
- Casualties: US Navy & Marine Corps Personnel
- Casualties: US Navy and Marine Corps Personnel Killed and Injured in Selected Accidents and Other Incidents Not Directly the Result of Enemy Action
- Change of Command and Retirement Ceremony of the Commandant Naval District, Washington, DC
- Change of Command Ceremony
- Charles Morris A Man of Letters and Numbers
- Chart Your Future As A Woman Officer
- Chester Nimitz and the Development of Fueling at Sea
- Christmas 1932 U.S. Naval Air Station San Diego California
- CIC [Combat Information Center] Manual (RADSIX)
- CIC [Combat Information Center] Operation in an AGC
- CIC [Combat Information Center] Yesterday and Today
- CIC Operations On a Night Carrier
- CINCPAC Glossary of Commonly Used Abbreviations and Short Titles
- Expand navigation for CinCPac Report - Pearl Harbor CinCPac Report - Pearl Harbor
- Circular September 13, 1839
- Circular 17 July, 1869
- Colored Persons in the Navy of the U.S. (1842)
- Combined Operation Craft: Small Scale Drawings
- COMINT [Communications Intelligence] Contributions [to] Submarine Warfare in WW II
- Command and Control of Air Operations in the Vietnam War
- Commander Task Force Seventeen Operation Plan 1-45
- Commander's Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations
- Comparison of Military and Civilian Equivalent Grades
- Compilation of Enlisted Ratings and Apprentiships US Navy 1775-1969
- Composition of Japanese Forces
- Composition of US Forces
- Condition of the Navy and Its Expenses 1821
- Conduct of War at Sea
- Conflict and Cooperation: The U.S. and Soviet Navies in the Cold War
- Constitution Fighting Top
- The Constitution Gun Deck
- Constitution Sailors in the Battle of Lake Erie [pdf]
- Continental Congress and the Navy
- The Continental Navy: "I Have Not Yet Begun to Fight."
- Copy of talk given by Captain B.E. Manseau, USN, before the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Society of Naval Architets and Marine Engineers
- Cordon of Steel
- The Corps' Salty Seadogs Have All But Come Ashore: Seagoing Traditions Founder as New Millennium Approaches
- Costs of Major US Wars
- Cruising Fleets
- Cruising in the Old Navy
- Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
- Expand navigation for Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis
- Current Doctrine Submarines
- Cursor scales for the VG [Plan Position Indicator (radar)
- Customs and Traditions, Navy
- Expand navigation for Cannons of the Washington Navy Yard Cannons of the Washington Navy Yard
- Expand navigation for D D
- D-Day, the Normandy Invasion: Combat Demolition Units
- Dartmoor Prison
- Decatur House and Its Distinguished Occupants
- Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force
- The Defense and Burning of Washington in 1814: Naval Documents of the War of 1812
- De Klerk Diary
- Demolition Units of the Atlantic Theatre of Operations
- Department of Defense Acronyms
- Destroyers at Normandy
- Destroyers for Bases Agreement, 1941
- Destroyers transferred to Britain under Destroyers for Bases agreement
- Destruction of CSS Albemarle - Report of A. F. WARLEY
- Destruction of CSS Albemarle - Report of Lieutenant William Barker Cushing
- The Development of Japanese Sea Power: "Know Your Enemy"! [CinCPOA Bulletin 93-45, 1945]
- Expand navigation for The Diary of Michael Shiner Relating to the History of the Washington Navy Yard 1813-1869 The Diary of Michael Shiner Relating to the History of the Washington Navy Yard 1813-1869
- Digest Catalogue of Laws and Joint Resolutions: The Navy and the World War
- Disaster at Savo Island, 1942
- Disaster in the Pacific
- Discipline in the U.S. Navy
- Expand navigation for Diving in the U.S. Navy: A Brief History Diving in the U.S. Navy: A Brief History
- Documents, Official and Unofficial, Relating to the Capture and Destruction of the Frigate Philadelphia at Tripoli - 1850
- Documents Related to the Resignation of the German Commander in Chief, Navy, Grand Admiral Raeder and to the Decommissioning of the German High Seas Fleet
- DoD Rules for Military Commissions - 2006
- Expand navigation for Dominican Republic Intervention Dominican Republic Intervention
- Doolittle Raid
- The DRVN Strategic Intelligence Service
- Expand navigation for E E
- Early Raids in the Pacific Ocean
- Elementary Map and Aerial Photograph Reading
- Emancipation Proclamation, Navy general Order No. 4, 1863
- Employment of Naval Forces
- Enlisted Uniforms
- Enlistment, Training, and Organization of Crews for Our New Ships
- Essay on Naval Battles of the Korean War
- Establishment of the Department of the Navy
- Establishment of the Navy
- Exercise Tiger
- Exorcizing the Devil's Triangle
- Expeditions, Diplomatic and Scientific Activity, and Operations Against Native Americans and Pirates
- Exploring the Antarctic 1840 - The Wilkes Expedition
- Eye-Witness Account of the Battle Between the U.S.S. Monitor and the C.S.S. Virginia Mar 9 1862
- Evolution of Naval Weapons
- Expand navigation for F F
- Far Eastern Sighting Guide [ONI-F-31 FE]
- Fifty Years of Naval District Development 1903-1953
- Filipinos in the United States Navy
- Final Contact: USS Indianapolis (CA-35) passes USS LST-779 29 July 1945
- The First Raid on Japan
- Fixing Wages and Salaries of Navy Civilian Employees
- Flag Sizes
- Fleet Air Wing Four Strikes
- Fleet Post Office, New York, New York
- Fleet Post Office, San Francisco, California
- "Forward ... From the Start": The U.S. Navy & Homeland Defense: 1775-2003
- Fourth of July Dinner the Spirit of '45
- French Indo-China PSIS 400-35
- Frocking
- From Dam Neck to Okinawa: A Memoir of Antiaircraft Training in World War II
- From the Sea to the Stars
- Expand navigation for G G
- GAF (German Air Force, Luftwaffe] and the Invasion of Normandy
- Gearing Up for Victory American Military and Industrial Mobilization in World War II
- Gedunk
- General Information for Employees - Washington Navy Yard - 1941
- General Instructions for Commanding Officers of Naval Armed Guards on Merchant Ships - 1944
- General Instructions for Sloops and Torpedo Craft
- General Mess Manual and Cook Book
- Expand navigation for General Orders General Orders
- General Order (21 January 1834) Presents
- General Order (28 November 1838) Animals
- General Order (18 February 1846) Port and Starboard
- General Order (17 December 1850) Furnishing Vessels
- General Order (27 September 1851) Contracts of Enlistment Ending
- General Order (17 May 1858) Naval Academy Graduates Denied Letter
- General Order (22 April 1862) Officers Forbidden to Give Publicity to Any Hydrographical Knowledge
- General Order (12 December 1862) Rules for Naval Communication
- General Order (23 December 1862) Rules Corresponding with SecNav and Bureaus
- General Order No. 1 (1863) Rules to Disseminate General Orders
- General Order No. 4 (1863) Emancipation Proclamation
- General Order No. 9 (1863) Observance of Paroles
- General Order No. 51 (1865) Announcing Death President Abraham Lincoln
- General Order No. 73 (1866) Resolution of Thanks from Congress to Admiral Farragut for Mobile Bay Action
- General Order No. 81 (1866) Requirements of Guardians for Boy to Enlist
- General Order No. 83 (1867) Proclamation Issued by President Johnson
- General Order No. 90 (1869) Uniform Changes
- General Order No. 99 (1869) Authority Given to Fleet Officers
- General Order No. 105 (1869) North & South Pacific Squadrons Combined into Pacific Station
- General Order No. 110 (1869) Forbidding Applications for Duty Through Persons of Influence
- General Order No. 112 (1869) Sea Service of Officers to be Three Years
- General Order No. 123 (1869) Uniform Change for Masters, Ensigns & Midshipmen
- General Order No. 127 (1869) List of Types of Officers to Mess in Second Ward Room
- General Order No. 128 (1869) Exercises for Ships with Sails
- General Order No. 131 (1869) Economizing the Use of Coal
- General Order No. 175 (1872) Division of the Pacific Station into Two Stations
- General Order No. 226 (1877) Importance of Complete Reports and Logs
- General Order No. 230 (1877) Special Shore Service and Duty
- General Order No. 232 (1877) Working Hours at Navy Yards and Stations
- General Order No. 248 (1880) Correct and General Understanding of Signals
- General Order No. 250 (1880) Establishment of the Office of Judge Advocate General of the Navy
- General Order No. 252 (1880) Painting Schematic for Boats
- General Order No. 292 (1882) Establishment of the Office of Intelligence
- General Order No. 370 (1889) Copies of Books to the Navy Department Library
- General Order No. 372 (1889) Order for Official Communications
- General Order No. 544 (1900) Establishment of the General Board
- General Order No. 55 (1901) Decorations for Philippine Islands and Boxer Rebellion
- General Order No. 56 (1901) Puget Sound, Naval Station to Navy Yard
- General Order No. 128 (1903) Establishment of Naval Districts
- General Order No. 129 (1903) Surplus Provisions
- General Order No. 74 (1908) Establishing Ship Post Offices
- General Order No. 135 (1911) Definitions of Well-known Naval Terms
- General Order No. 30 (1913) Movement of the Rudder
- General Order No. 98 (1914) Movement of the Rudder
- General Order No. 99 (1914) Prohibition in the Navy
- General Order No. 132 (1915) Khaki Dye for White Undress Uniform
- General Order No. 258 (1917) SecNav Announces Death of Admiral Dewey
- General Order No. 259 (1917) Executive Order and Message on Death of Admiral Dewey
- General Order No. 294 (1917) Identification Tags ("Dog Tags")
- General Order No. 456 (1919) Observance of the Sabbath Day
- General Order No. 541 (1920) Standard Nomemclature for Naval Vessels
- General Order No. 244 [1934] Alcoholic Liquors
- General Order No. 47 (1935) Precedence of Forces in Parades
- General Orders 1921-1935
- General Orders for the Regulation of the Navy Yard Washington, D.C. - 1833-1850
- General Orders USS Independence 1815
- German Commanders Wilhelm Keitel and Alfred Jodl on the Invasion of Normandy in 1944
- German Defense of Berlin
- Expand navigation for German Espionage and Sabotage German Espionage and Sabotage
- German Report on the Allied Invasion of Normandy
- German Submarine Activities on the Atlantic Coast
- German Submarine Attacks
- German Submarines in Question and Answer
- Expand navigation for Glossary of U.S. Naval Code Words (NAVEXOS P-474) Glossary of U.S. Naval Code Words (NAVEXOS P-474)
- Going back to civilian life facts you should know about
- going back to civilian life - a pamphlet
- Going South: U.S. Navy Officer Resignations & Dismissals On the Eve of the Civil War
- Grand Strategy Contending Contemporary Analyst Views & Implications for the US Navy
- The Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Naval Training Station Hampton Roads and the Norfolk Naval Hospital
- Greely Relief Expedition
- Expand navigation for Grenada: Operation Urgent Fury Grenada: Operation Urgent Fury
- Guadalcanal Campaign
- Guide to Command of Negro Naval Personnel NAVPERS-15092
- Guidelines: Naval Social Customs
- Guide to US Military Casualty Statistics
- The Guidebook for NAVAL RESERVE CHAPLAINS
- General Description of the Whitehead Torpedo
- Expand navigation for H H
- Haitian Campaign of 1915
- Haiti - US Navy Medal of Honor - 1915
- Halsey-Doolittle Raid
- Handbook of First Aid Treatment for Survivors of Disasters at Sea
- Head - Ship's Toilet
- Historical Approach to Warrant Officer Classifications
- The Historical Importance to Navigation of Nathaniel Bowditch's New American Practical Navigator
- History and Descriptive Guide of the US Navy Yard Washington, DC
- History of Convoy and Routing [1945]
- History of Flag Career of Rear Admiral W.B. Caperton
- History of Paul Jones, the Pirate
- History of the Bureau of Engineering During WWI
- History of the Chief Petty Officer
- History of the Dudley Knox Center for Naval History
- History of the Navy Department Library
- Expand navigation for History of the Seabees History of the Seabees
- Expand navigation for History of the US Navy History of the US Navy
- Expand navigation for History of United States Naval Operations: Korea History of United States Naval Operations: Korea
- Foreword - History of US Naval Operations: Korea
- Preface - History of US Naval Operations: Korea
- List of Maps - History of US Naval Operations: Korea
- List of Tables - History of US Naval Operations: Korea
- Chapter 1: To Korea By Sea
- Chapter 2: Policy and Its Instruments
- Chapter 3: War Begins
- Chapter 4: Help on the Way
- Chapter 5: Into the Perimeter
- Chapter 6: Holding the Line
- Chapter 7: Back to the Parallel
- Chapter 8: On to the Border
- Chapter 9: Retreat to the South
- Chapter 10: The Second Six Months
- Chapter 11: Problems of a Policeman
- Chapter 12: Two More Years
- A Note on Source Materials
- Glossary of Naval Abbreviations
- History of US Navy Uniforms 1776 - 1981
- Expand navigation for Honda (Pedernales) Point, California, Disaster, 8 September 1923 Honda (Pedernales) Point, California, Disaster, 8 September 1923
- Honda (Pedernales) Point, California, Disaster, 8 September 1923
- How the Navy Talks
- How to Fold Your Navy Uniform
- How to Mark Your Navy Uniform
- How to serve your country in the WAVES
- The Hungnam and Chinnampo Evacuations
- Hurricanes and the War of 1812
- History and aims of the Office of Naval Intelligence
- Expand navigation for I I
- I Was a Yeoman (F)
- Identification Tags - Dog Tags
- In Honor of Master Chief Britt K Slabinski: United States Navy, Retired: MEDAL OF HONOR - HALL OF HEROES INDUCTION CEREMONY- THE PENTAGON AUDITORIUM- 25 MAY 2018
- In Memory of CTIC(IW/EXW) Shannon M. Kent
- Incredible Alaska Overland Rescue
- Indians in the War 1945
- Expand navigation for Influenza Influenza
- 1918 Influenza by Vice Admiral Albert Gleaves, Commander of Convoy Operations in the Atlantic, 1917-1919.
- Admiral William B. Caperton of the 1918 Influenza on Armored Cruiser No. 4, USS Pittsburgh
- A Forgotten Enemy: PHS's [Public Health Service] Fight Against the 1918 Influenza Pandemic
- Great Flu Crisis at Mare Island Navy Yard.
- Influenza at the United States Naval Hospital, Washington, D.C.
- The Influenza Epidemic of 1918 by Carla R. Morrisey, RN, BSN
- Influenza of 1918 (Spanish Flu) and the US Navy
- Influenza on a Naval Transport
- Influenza-Related Medical Terms
- The Pandemic of Influenza in 1918-1919
- Philadelphia, Nurses, and the Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918
- A Winding Sheet and a Wooden Box
- Information in Relation to the Naval Protection Afforded to The Commerce of the United States in the West India Islands, &c. &c.
- Injury and Destruction of Navy Vessels by Earthquakes, Dec. 1868
- Inquiry Into Occupation and Administration of Haiti and the Dominican Republic
- Instances of Use of US Armed Forces Abroad, 1798 - 2004
- Instructional Material for the Fight Against Enemy Propaganda
- Instructions for the examination and entry into United States Ports in time of war
- Instructions on Reception, Care and Training of Homing Pigeons
- Inter-Allied Naval Relations and the Birth of NATO
- Interrogation of General Alfred Jodl
- Interrogations of Japanese Officials - Vol. I & II
- Invasion of Sicily
- The Invasion of Southern France: Aerology and Amphibious Warfare
- Iran, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy
- Iran Hostage - Rescue Mission Report
- Irregular Enemies and the Essence of Strategy
- Irregular Warfare Special Study
- Instructions for Painting and Cementing Vessels of the United States Navy
- Expand navigation for J J
- Japan's Struggle to End the War - 1946
- Japanese Interrogation Of Prisoners Of War
- Japanese Naval and Merchant Shipping Losses - WWII
- Japanese Naval Ground Forces
- Japanese Naval Shipbuilding
- Japanese Operational Aircraft CinCPOA 105-45
- Japanese Operational Aircraft CinCPOA 105-45 Revised
- Japanese Radio Communications and Radio Intelligence CinCPOA 5-45
- Japanese - Smithsonian War Background Study
- Expand navigation for Japanese Story of the Battle of Midway Japanese Story of the Battle of Midway
- Java Sea Campaign
- John Paul Jones
- John Paul Jones
- Journal of the Disasters in Afghanistan, 1841-2
- Expand navigation for K K
- Kite Balloons in Escorts
- Kosovo Naval Lessons Learned During Operation Allied Force
- Expand navigation for Korean War Chronology Korean War Chronology
- Korean War Interim Evaluation No 1
- Expand navigation for L L
- Lost of Flight 19 Official Accident Reports
- Landing Operations Doctrine, USN, FTP-167
- Expand navigation for Law of Naval Warfare: NWIP 10-2, 1955 Law of Naval Warfare: NWIP 10-2, 1955
- Law of Naval Warfare: Chapters 1 - 6
- Appendix A: Convention For the Adaption to Maritime War of the Principles of the Geneva Convention - X Hague, 1907
- Appendix B: Convention Concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Maritime War - XIII Hague, 1907
- Appendix C: Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick
- Appendix D: Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded, Sick, and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea of August 12, 1949
- Appendix E: Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of August 12, 1949
- Appendix F: Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of August 12, 1949
- Appendix G-I
- Lend Lease Act, 11 March 1941
- Letter from President Harry S. Truman to Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal regarding the Five-Star Rank
- Lengthy Deployment: The Jeannette Expedition In Arctic Waters
- Letter to Mr. Ride
- Library Regulations - USS Pittsburgh
- Limited Duty Officer
- List of Authorized Abbreviations for Use in Bureau of Naval Personnel Messages (1958)
- List of Expeditions 1901-1929
- List of Patrol Squadron Deployments to Korea During the War
- Living Conditions in the 19th Century US Navy
- Log of the trip of the president to the Casablanca Conference 9-31 January, 1943
- The Logistics of Advance Bases
- Look at YOU in the United States NAVY
- Lookout Manual 1943
- Loss of Flight 19 Official Accident Reports
- Lost Patrol
- LSU Squadron Two Thanksgiving Dinner November 22 1951
- The Landings in North Africa
- Expand navigation for M M
- Magic Background of Pearl Harbor
- Magic Background of Pearl Harbor Vol. 2
- Magic Background of Pearl Harbor Vol. 2 Appendix
- Magic Background of Pearl Harbor Vol. 4
- Main Navy Building: Its Construction and Original Occupants
- Manual for Buglers, US Navy
- Manual of Commands and Orders, 1945
- Manual of Information Concerning Employments for the Panama Canal Service
- Marine Amphibious Landing in Korea, 1871
- Market Time (U) CRC 280
- Master File Drawings of German Naval Vessels
- Matthew Fontaine Maury: Benefactor of Mankind
- Menu Thanksgiving Day November 27, 1913
- Merchant Marines
- Merchant Ship Shapes
- Mers-el-Kebir Port Instructions for Merchant Vessels [1942]
- Mess Night Manual
- Midway in Retrospect: The Still Under Appreciated Victory
- Midway’s Operational Lesson: The Need For More Carriers
- Midway: Sheer Luck or Better Doctrine?
- Midway's Strategic Lessons
- Midway Plan of the Day Notes
- Military Sealift Command
- Military Service Records and Unit Histories
- Mine Sweeping Manual 1917
- Mine Warfare
- Mine Warfare in South Vietnam
- Expand navigation for Miracle Harbor Miracle Harbor
- Miscellaneous Actions in the South Pacific
- More Bang for the Buck: U.S. Nuclear Strategy and Missile Development 1945-1965
- My days aboard U.S.S. Santa Fe
- Expand navigation for N N
- Naming of Streets, Facilities and Areas On Naval Installations
- Narrative of Captain W.S. Cunningham, US Navy Relative to events on Wake Island in December 1941, and subsequent related events
- Narrative of Joshua Davis an American Citizen 1811
- Narrative of the Capture, Sufferings and Escape of Capt. Barnabas Lincoln
- Narrative of the March and Operations of the Army of the Indus
- Narrative of the United States' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea
- Navajo Code Talker Dictionary
- Navajo Code Talkers: World War II Fact Sheet
- Naval Anecdotes Relating to HMS Leopard Versus USS Chesapeake, 24 June 1807.
- Expand navigation for Naval Armed Guard Service in World War II Naval Armed Guard Service in World War II
- Expand navigation for The Naval Bombing Experiments The Naval Bombing Experiments
- Naval District Manual 1927
- Naval Districts
- Naval Gun Factory (Washington Navy Yard) Facilities Data: World War II
- Naval Guns at Normandy
- Naval Memorial Service, Casting Flowers on the Sea in Honor of the Naval Dead
- Expand navigation for The Naval Quarantine of Cuba The Naval Quarantine of Cuba
- Naval Yarns by Captain Bartlett [manuscript]
- The Navy by Michael A. Palmer
- Navy and Defense Reform: A Short History and Reference Chronology
- Expand navigation for Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual [Rev. 1953] Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual [Rev. 1953]
- Pt. 1 - Personal Decorations
- Pt. 2 - Unit Awards
- Pt. 3 - Special and Commemorative Medals
- Pt. 4 - Campaign and Service Medals
- Pt. 5 - Decorations Awarded By Foreign Governments
- Pt. 6 - Other Federal Decorations (non-military)
- Index
- Memo - Changes
- Ships & Other Units Eligible for the Korean Service Medal
- Navy at a Tipping Point - 2010
- Navy Civil War Chronology
- The Navy Department A brief history until 1945
- Navy Department Communiques 1-300 and Pertinent Press Releases
- Navy Department Communiques 301 to 600
- Navy Filing Manual 1941
- Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans - 2016
- The Navy in the Cold War Era, 1945-1991
- Navy Interdiction Korea Vol. II
- Navy Nurse Corps General Uniform Instructions 1917
- The Navy of the Republic of Vietnam
- Navy Records and [Navy Department] Library (E Branch)
- Navy Regulations, 1814
- Navy Ship Procurement: Alternative Funding Approaches
- Navy Ship Propulsion Technologies - 2006
- Navy Shipboard Lasers for Surface, Air, and Missile Defense
- Navy-Yard, Washington, History by Hibben
- The Navy's World War II-era Fleet Admirals
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- Forward Presence in the Modern Navy: From the Cold War to a Future Tailored Force
- Historiography of Programming and Acquisition Management since 1950 - Hone
- Historiography of Technology Since 1950
- Naval Personnel since 1945: Areas for Historical Research
- Navy, Science, and Professional History
- The Social History of the U.S. Navy, 1945–Present
- U.S. Navy’s Role in National Strategy
- Writing U.S. Naval Operational History 1980–2010
- Negro in the Navy - 1947
- Negro in the Navy by Miller
- Neutrality Instructions US Navy 1940
- New Equation: Chinese Intervention into the Korean War
- A New Look at the Cuban Missile Crisis
- Nixon's Trident: Naval Power in Southeast Asia, 1968-1972 by John D. Sherwood
- Nomenclature of Decks
- Nomenclature of Naval Vessels
- Non-Discrimination in V-12 Program
- Northern Barrage and Other Mining Activities
- Northern Barrage: Taking Up Mines
- Northern Formosa, Pescadores
- Notes on Anti-submarine Defenses ONI Publication No. 8
- Notes on Writing Naval (not Navy) English
- Expand navigation for O O
- Occupation of Kiska
- Occupation of the Gilbert Islands
- The Offensive Navy Since World War II: How Big and Why, A Brief Summary
- Office of Naval Records and Library 1882-1946
- Officers and Key Personnel Attached to the Office of Naval Records and Library 1882-1946
- Officers of the Continental Navy and Marine Corps
- Officers of Navy Yards, Shore Stations, and Vessels, 1 January 1865
- Expand navigation for Officers of the Continental and U.S. Navy and Marine Corps 1775-1900 Officers of the Continental and U.S. Navy and Marine Corps 1775-1900
- Marine Corps Officers: 1798-1900
- Continental Navy Officers: 1775-1785
- Continental Marine Corps Officers: 1775-1785
- Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (A)
- Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (B)
- Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (C)
- Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (D)
- Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (E)
- Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (F)
- Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (G)
- Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (H)
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- Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (L)
- Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (M)
- Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (N)
- Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (O)
- Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (P)
- Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (Q)
- Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (R)
- Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (S)
- Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (T)
- Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (U)
- Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (V)
- Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (W)
- Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (Y)
- Navy Officers: 1798-1900 (Z)
- "Official" USS Missouri Survival Guide
- Expand navigation for Operation Crossroads Operation Crossroads
- Expand navigation for Operation NEPTUNE - The Invasion of Normandy Operation NEPTUNE - The Invasion of Normandy
- Table of Contents - Operation NEPTUNE
- Editor's Note - Operation Neptune
- Chapter 1: THE STRATEGIC BACKGROUND OF OVERLORD
- Chapter 2: PLANNING AND PREPARATION FOR CROSS-CHANNEL (OVERLORD) OPERATIONS
- Chapter 3: THE STRATEGIC BACKGROUND OF OVERLORD
- Chapter 4: NEPTUNE OPERATIONS PLANS
- Chapter 5: Naval Preparations for Cross-Channel Operations
- Chapter 6: The Operation Begins
- Chapter 7: Defensive Measures - NEPTUNE Operation
- Chapter 8: Bombardment and Other Defensive Operations Against Enemy Land Forces
- Chapter 9: The NEPTUNE Assaults
- Chapter 10: The Build-up for the Battle of France
- Operation NEPTUNE - Index
- Operation NEPTUNE Administrative History's Table of Contents
- Expand navigation for Operation Neptune Operation Neptune
- Operations of the Navy and Marine Corps in the Philippine Archipelago
- Operations of the Seventh Amphibious Force
- Operations of USS Don Juan de Austria
- OPNAV [Office of the Chief of Naval Operations] Acronyms
- Origin of Navy Terminology
- Our Vanishing History and Traditions - Knox
- Operation of the Admiral Scheer
- Our Navy at War
- Expand navigation for P P
- Expand navigation for Pacific Typhoon, 18 December 1944 Pacific Typhoon, 18 December 1944
- Admiral Nimitz's Pacific Fleet Confidential Letter on Lessons of Damage in Typhoon
- List of Commands and Ships Involved
- Personnel Casualties Suffered by Third Fleet, 17-18 December 1944, Compiled from Official Sources
- Aircraft Losses Suffered by Third Fleet, 17-18 December 1944, Compiled From Official Sources
- Extracts Relating to the Typhoon from Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet Report
- Oral History
- Expand navigation for Pacific Typhoon, June 1945 - Reports Pacific Typhoon, June 1945 - Reports
- Pacific Typhoon October 1945 - Okinawa
- Peacekeeping and Related Stability Operations: Issues of U.S. Military Involvement
- The Pearl Harbor Attack, 7 December 1941 - Overview
- Pearl Harbor Navy Medical Activities
- Expand navigation for "Pearl Harbor Revisited: USN Communications Intelligence" "Pearl Harbor Revisited: USN Communications Intelligence"
- Pearl Harbor Salvage Report 1944
- Pearl Harbor Submarine Base 1918-1945
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- USS Arizona - Reports by Survivors of Pearl Harbor Attack
- USS California- Reports by Survivors of Pearl Harbor Attack
- USS Maryland - Reports by Survivors of Pearl Harbor Attack
- USS Oklahoma - Reports by Survivors of Pearl Harbor Attack
- USS Tennessee - Report by Survivor of Pearl Harbor Attack
- USS West Virginia - Reports by Survivors of Pearl Harbor Attack
- Pearl Harbor: Why, How, Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal
- Pentagon 9/11
- Expand navigation for Personal Identification Tags or "Dog Tags" Personal Identification Tags or "Dog Tags"
- Perspectives on Enhanced Interrogation Techniques
- Expand navigation for Philadelphia Experiment Philadelphia Experiment
- Phonetic Alphabet and Signal Flags
- The Pioneers - A Monograph on the First Two Black Chaplains in the Chaplains Corps of the United States Navy
- The Pivot Upon Which Everything Turned
- Plea in Favor of Maintaining Flogging in the Navy
- Pocket Guide to Japan
- Pocket Guide to Netherlands East Indies
- Pocket Guide to New Guinea and the Solomons
- Expand navigation for Port Chicago, CA, Explosion Port Chicago, CA, Explosion
- Posse Comitatus Act and Related Matters: A Sketch
- Post Mortem CIC [Combat Information Center] Notes
- Post Mortems on Enemy Ships
- Potato Famine of 1847
- Precisely Appropriate for the Purpose
- Preserving an Honored Past
- Priceless Advantage by FD Parker
- Propaganda Foreign Military Studies 1952
- Public Law 333, 79th Congress
- Expand navigation for Pacific Typhoon, 18 December 1944 Pacific Typhoon, 18 December 1944
- Expand navigation for Q Q
- Expand navigation for R R
- Radio Intelligence Appreciations Concerning German U-Boat Activity in the Far East
- Radio Proximty (VT) Fuzes
- Ready Seapower: A History of the US Seventh Fleet by Edward J. Marolda [pdf]
- Recollections of Capture by the Germans, Imprisonment, and Escape of Lieutenant Edouard Victor Isaacs, U.S.N.
- Recollections of Ensign Leonard W. Tate
- Recollections of Lieutenant Commander William Leide
- Recollections of Lieutenant Wilton Wenker and Lieutenant Elby Concerning the Crossing of the Rhine River in 1945
- Recollections of USS Pampanito's rescue of prison ship survivors by Lieutenant Commander Landon Davis
- Recollections of Vice Admiral Alan G. Kirk Concerning the Crossing of the Rhine River in 1945
- Reestablishment of the Marine Corps
- Expand navigation for Registers of the Navy Registers of the Navy
- Register of the Navy, 1812
- Register of the Navy, 1814
- Register of the Navy, 1815
- Register of the Navy, 1816
- Register of the Navy, 1818
- Register of the Navy, 1819
- Register of the Navy, 1820
- Register of the Navy, 1821
- Register of the Navy, 1822
- Register of the Navy, 1823
- Register of the Navy, 1824
- Register of the Navy, 1825
- Register of the Navy, 1826
- Register of the Navy, 1827
- Register of the Navy, 1829
- Register of the Navy, 1830
- Register of the Navy, 1831
- Register of the Navy, 1832
- Register of the Navy, 1833
- Register of the Navy, 1834
- Register of the Navy, 1836
- Register of Patients at Naval Hospital Washington DC 1814
- Register of USN & USMC Officer Personnel 1801-1807 [pdf]
- Regulation, December 7, 1841
- Regulations for the Information of Officers On Neutrality Duty in Connection With the Visits of Belligerent Vessels of War [1916]
- Regulations For Powder Magazines and Shell Houses 1874
- Regulations Governing the Uniform of Commissioned Officers 1897
- Reincarnation of John Paul Jones The Navy Discovers Its Professional Roots
- Religions of Vietnam
- Remarks on Protection of a Convoy by Extended Patrols
- Remarks on Submarine Tactics Against Convoys
- Reminiscences of Seattle Washington Territory and the U. S. Sloop-of-War Decatur
- Reminiscences of Seattle Washington Territory and the US Sloop-of-War Decatur During the Indian War of 1855-56
- Report by the Special Subcommittee on Disciplinary Problems in the US Navy
- Reports of Arica, Peru Earthquake from USS Powhatan and USS Wateree
- Republic of Korea Navy
- Resolution of the Continental Congress, 11 December 1775
- Resolution of the Continental Congress, 25 November 1775
- Hyman G. Rickover's Promotion to Admiral [H.A.S.C. 93-16]
- Ringle Report on Japanese Internment
- Riverine Warfare Manual [1971]
- Riverine Warfare: The US Navy's Operations on Inland Waters
- Rocks and Shoals: Articles for the Government of the U.S. Navy
- The Recruitment of African Americans in the US Navy 1839
- The Role of COMINT in the Battle of Midway
- The Role of the United States Navy in the Formation and Development of the Federal German Navy, 1945-1970
- Rommel and the Atlantic Wall
- Royal Works USS Lexington [Crossing the Line 1936]
- Rules for the Regulation of the Navy - 1775
- The Russian Navy Visits the United States
- Expand navigation for S S
- SACO
- Expand navigation for Sailors as Infantry in the US Navy Sailors as Infantry in the US Navy
- The Sailors Creed
- Samoan Hurricane
- A Sampling of U.S. Naval Humanitarian Operations
- Expand navigation for Seabee History Seabee History
- Secretary of the Navy's Report for 1900 on the China Relief Expedition
- Expand navigation for Selected Documents of the Spanish American War Selected Documents of the Spanish American War
- Battle of Manila Bay
- Battle of Manila Bay: Miscellaneous Documents
- Olympia in Battle of Manila Bay
- Raleigh in Battle of Manila Bay
- Concord in Battle of Manila Bay
- Baltimore in Battle of Manila Bay
- Petrel in Battle of Manila Bay
- Boston in Battle of Manila Bay
- McCulloch in Battle of Manila Bay
- U.S. Consul at Manila
- Official Spanish Report on Battle of Manila Bay
- Expand navigation for Selected Groups in the Republic of Vietnam Selected Groups in the Republic of Vietnam
- Seventh Amphibious Force - Command History 1945
- Shelling of the Alaskan Native American Village of Angoon, October 1882
- Ship to Shore Movement
- Ship Shapes Anatomy and types of Naval Vessels
- Shipboard Ettiquette [Naval R. O. T. C. Pamphlet No. 16]
- Shiploading - A Picture Dictionary
- Expand navigation for Ships named for Individual Sailors Ships named for Individual Sailors
- Ships Present at Pearl Harbor
- Ships Sunk and Damaged in Action during the Korean Conflict
- A Short Account of the Several General Duties of Officers, of Ships of War: From an Admiral, Down to the Most Inferior Officer
- Short Guide to Iraq
- The Sicilian Campaign, Operation 'Husky'
- Signals for the Use of the Navy of the Confederate States
- Sinking of C.S.S. Alabama by U.S.S. Kearsarge - 19 Jun 1864
- Expand navigation for Sinking of the Bismarck Sinking of the Bismarck
- Sinking of the USS Guitarro
- The Sinking of the USS Housatonic by the Submarine CSS H.L. Hunley
- Expand navigation for Sinking of USS Indianapolis - Press Releases & Related Sources Sinking of USS Indianapolis - Press Releases & Related Sources
- Expand navigation for Skill in the Surf: A Landing Boat Manual Skill in the Surf: A Landing Boat Manual
- Chapter I. Landing Boats Are Important!
- Chapter II. Landing Craft From Troy to Tokio
- Chapter III. Know Your Boat!
- Chapter IV. Know Your Job!
- Chapter V. Keep It Running!
- Chapter VI. The Coxswain Takes Over
- Chapter VII. Learning the Ropes
- Chapter VIII. The Salvage Boat
- Chapter IX. Where Sea Meets Land
- Chapter X. Hit That Beach!
- Chapter XI. Information, Please!
- Appendix A
- Appendix B
- Appendix C
- Appendix D
- Appendix E
- Appendix F
- Appendix G
- Appendix H
- Appendix I
- Appendix J
- Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish
- Slapton Sands: The Cover-up That Never Was
- Small Wars Their Principles and Practice
- Smith, Melancton Rear Admiral USN A Memoir
- Smoker Sat., July 27, 1918 U.S.S. Arizona
- So You are Going to the South Pacific?
- Soldier's Guide Bosnia-Herzegovina
- Solomon Islands Campaign: I The Landing in the Solomons
- Solomon Islands Campaign: II Savo Island & III Eastern Solomons
- Solomon Islands Campaign: IV Battle of Cape Esperance
- Solomon Islands Campaign VII Battle Tassafaronga
- Solomon Islands Campaign IX Bombardments of Munda and Vila-Stanmore
- Solomon Islands Campaign: X Operations in the New Georgia Area 21 June-5 August 1943
- Solomon Islands Campaign: XI Kolombangara and Vella Lavella 6 August - 7 October 1943
- Solomon Islands Campaign XII The Bougainville Landing and the Battle od Empress Augusta Bay, 27 October - 2 November 1943
- Some Experiences Reported by the Crew of the USS Pueblo and American Prisoners of War from Vietnam
- Some Memorandums Construction of Ships Frederick Tudor
- Somers, essay on legal aspects of Somers Affair
- Sources on US Naval History by State
- Expand navigation for Spanish American War Spanish American War
- Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1898 Part 1
- Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1898 Part 2
- Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1898 Part 3
- Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1898 Part 4
- Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1898 Part 5
- Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1898 Part 6
- Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1898 Part 7
- Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1898 Part 8
- Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1898 Part 9
- Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1898 Part 10
- Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1898 Part 11
- Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1898 Part 12
- Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1898 Part 13
- Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1898 Part 14
- Spanish-American War; War Plans and Impact on U.S. Navy
- Special Order 1865 April 17 Assemblage of Officers to Attend
- Special Order 1865 April 17 Navy Department Closure
- Special Order 1865 April 17 Officers to Attend Funeral
- Special Order 1865 April 20 List of Officers to Accompany Remains
- Special Order No. 73 - 1905 April 18 Travel Pay
- Expand navigation for Specifications for Ship and Motor Boat Bells Specifications for Ship and Motor Boat Bells
- Sports in the Navy: 1775 to 1963
- Stalin's Cold War Military Machine: A New Evaluation
- Statement Regarding Winds Message
- The Story Of The Confederate States' Ship Virginia
- Strait Comparison: Lessons Learned from the 1915 Dardanelles Campaign
- Strategic Concepts of the U.S. Navy (NWP 1 A)
- Striking the Flag
- Structural Repairs in Forward Areas During WWII
- Study of the General Board of the U.S. Navy, 1929-1933
- Submarine Activities Connected with Guerrilla Organizations
- Expand navigation for Submarine Sighting Guide ONI 31-2A Submarine Sighting Guide ONI 31-2A
- Submarine Sighting Guide ONI 31SS-Rev. 1
- Submarine Silhouette Book No. 1
- Submarine Turtle Naval Documents
- Surprised at Tet: U.S. Naval Forces in Vietnam, 1968
- Survey of the Amazon- Selfridge
- Survival of the Collection of the Navy Department Library
- Syria's Chemical Weapons: Issues for Congress
- Expand navigation for T T
- Tactical Lessons of Midway
- Target Information From CIC [Combat Information Center]
- Expand navigation for Terminology and Nomenclature Terminology and Nomenclature
- Terrorism in Southeast Asia
- Terrorism: Some Legal Restrictions on Military Assistance
- Tet: The Turning Point in Vietnam
- This is Ann - Malaria
- Time of Change: National Strategy in the Early Postwar Era
- Titanic Disaster: Report of Navy Hydrographic Office
- Tokyo a Study in Jap Flak Defense
- Tokyo Bay: The Formal Surrender of the Empire of Japan
- Expand navigation for Tonkin Gulf Crisis Tonkin Gulf Crisis
- Tonkin Gulf Crisis, August 1964 - Summary
- Formerly Classified Documents from 2 August - 4 August 1964
- Formerly Classified Documents Subsequent to 4 August 1964
- Publicly Released Information
- Gulf of Tonkin the 1964 Incidents
- Gulf of Tonkin the 1964 Incidents [Part II]
- Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Code Words
- Tonkin Gulf Crisis Select Bibliography
- Torpedo War - Rodgers - Fulton
- Training Ships
- The Trial of Admiral Doenitz
- Tsunami (Tidal Wave) Disasters
- 20th Century Warriors: Native American Participation in the United States Military
- Typhoons and Hurricanes: The Effects of Cyclonic Winds on US Naval Operations
- Typhoons and Hurricanes: The Storm at Apia, Samoa, 15-16 March 1889
- Expand navigation for U U
- U-2s, UFOs, and Operation Blue Book
- U-94 Sunk By USN PBY Plane and HMCS Oakville 8-27-42
- U-162 Sunk By HM Ships Pathfinder, Vimy, and Quentin 9-3-42
- U-210 Sunk By HMCS Assiniboine 7-6-42
- U-352 Sunk By U.S.C.G. Icarus 5-9-42
- U-505 Sinking
- U-571, World War II German Submarine
- U-595 Scuttled and Sunk Off Cape Khamis, Algeria 11-14-42
- U-701 Sunk By US Army Attack Bomber No. 9-29-322, Unit 296 B.S. 7-7-42
- U-Boat War in the Caribbean: Opportunities Lost
- Ultra and the Campaign Against U-boats in World War II
- Underwater earthquake disasters and the U.S. Navy
- Uniform Regulations, 1797
- Uniform Regulations, 1802
- Uniform Regulations, 1814
- Uniform Regulations, 1833
- Uniform Regulations, 1841
- Uniform Regulations, 1852
- Expand navigation for Uniform Regulations, 1864 Uniform Regulations, 1864
- General Regulations: Full Dress, Undress, Service Dress
- Coats, Overcoats, Jackets
- Cuff and Sleeve Ornaments
- Pantaloons, Vests
- Part 1: Rear Admiral to Ensign
- Part 2: Engineer Corps
- Part 3: Professors, Secretaries
- Part 4: Medical Corps
- Part 5: Chaplains, Paymasters
- Part 6: Naval Constructors
- Part 7: Regulations for Wearing Shoulder Straps
- Cap and Cap Ornaments
- Straw Hats, Sword and Scabbard, Sword-Belt, Sword-Knot, Buttons, Cravat
- Dress for Petty Officers and Crew
- Uniform Regulations, 1866
- Uniform Regulations, 1869
- Uniform Regulations, Women's Reserve, USNR, 1943
- Expand navigation for Uniforms of the US Navy Uniforms of the US Navy
- Aiguillettes
- Uniform-Buttons
- Chief Petty Officers' Uniforms U.S. Navy
- Cold-Weather/Foul-Weather Wear
- Gas Masks and Breathing Apparatus U.S. Navy Uniform
- Hats/Caps
- Uniform and Dress of the Navy of the Confederate States
- Insignias U.S. Navy Uniform
- Maintenance/Care of Uniforms
- Men's Uniforms
- Pants/Bell-Bottoms
- Personal Appearance
- Seabags
- Navy Seabags
- Shirts/Jumpers
- Shoes
- Swords
- Naval Uniforms, misc.
- Women's Uniforms
- Petty Officer Rating Badge Locations and Eagle Designs
- Uniform Changes
- Historical Surveys of the Evolution of US Navy Uniforms
- Uniform Regulations
- History of US Navy Uniforms, 1776-1981
- Identification Tags ("Dog Tags")
- United States Atlantic Fleet Organization 1942
- United States Pacific Fleet Organization, 1 May 1945
- United States Naval Hospital Ships
- United States Naval Railway Batteries in France
- United States Navy and the Persian Gulf
- United States Navy and World War I: 1914–1922
- United States Navy's World of Work
- Expand navigation for United States Submarine Losses World War II United States Submarine Losses World War II
- Notes to US Submarine Losses in World War II
- Introduction
- Albacore (SS 218)
- Amberjack (SS 219)
- Argonaut (SS 166)
- Barbel (SS 316)
- Bonefish (SS 223)
- Bullhead (SS 332)
- Capelin (SS 289)
- Cisco (SS 290)
- Corvina (SS 226)
- Darter (SS 227)
- Dorado (SS 248)
- Escolar (SS 294)
- Flier (SS 250)
- Golet (SS 361)
- Grampus (SS 207)
- Grayback (SS 208)
- Grayling (SS 209)
- Grenadier (SS 210)
- Growler (SS 215)
- Grunion (SS 216)
- Gudgeon (SS 211)
- Harder (SS 257)
- Herring (SS 233)
- Kete (SS 369)
- Lagarto (SS 371)
- Perch (SS 176)
- Pickerel (SS 177)
- Pompano (SS 181)
- R-12 (SS 89)
- Robalo (SS 273)
- Runner (SS 275)
- S-26 (SS 131)
- S-27 (SS 132)
- S-28 (SS 133)
- S-36 (SS 141)
- S-39 (SS 144)
- S-44 (SS 155)
- Scamp (SS 277)
- Scorpion (SS 278)
- Sculpin (SS 191)
- Sealion (SS 195)
- Seawolf (SS 197)
- Shark I* (SS 174)
- Shark 2* (SS 314)
- Snook (SS 279)
- Swordfish (SS 193)
- Tang (SS 306)
- Trigger (SS 237)
- Triton (SS 201)
- Trout (SS 202)
- Tullibee (SS 284)
- Wahoo (SS 238)
- German U-Boat Casualties in World War Two
- Italian Submarine Casualties in World War Two
- Japanese Submarine Casualties in World War Two (I and RO Boats)
- Unmanned Vehicles for U.S. Naval Forces: Background and Issues for Congress
- US Democracy Promotion Policy in the Middle East
- US-Greek Naval Relations Begin
- US Marines at Pearl Harbor
- US Mining and Mine Clearance in North Vietnam
- US Naval Detachment in Turkish Waters, 1919-1924
- US Naval Forces in Northern Russia 1918-1919
- US Naval Plans for War with the United Kingdom in the 1890s
- US Naval Port Officers in the Bordeaux Region, 1917-1919
- Expand navigation for US Navy Abbreviations of World War II US Navy Abbreviations of World War II
- Expand navigation for US Navy and Hawaii-A Historical Summary US Navy and Hawaii-A Historical Summary
- US Navy at War Second Official Report
- US Navy at War Final Official Report
- US Navy Capstone Strategies and Concepts (1970-1980)
- US Navy Capstone Strategies and Concepts (1974-2005)
- US Navy Capstone Strategies and Concepts (1981-1990)
- US Navy Capstone Strategies and Concepts (1991-2000)
- US Navy Capstone Strategies and Concepts (2001-2010)
- US Navy Capstone Strategy, Policy, Vision and Concept Documents
- US Navy Code Words of World War II
- US Navy Congo River Expedition of 1885
- US Navy Forward Deployment 1801-2001
- Expand navigation for US Navy in Desert Shield/Desert Storm US Navy in Desert Shield/Desert Storm
- Executive Summary
- Overview: Desert Storm - The Role of the Navy
- The Gathering Storm
- A Common Goal - Joint Ops
- Bullets, Bandages and Beans - Logistic Ops
- Thunder and Lightning - The war with Iraq
- Epilogue
- Lessons Learned
- Appendix B: Participating Naval Units
- Appendix A: Chronology - August 1990
- Appendix A: Chronology - September 1990
- Appendix A: Chronology - October 1990
- Appendix A: Chronology - November 1990
- Appendix A: Chronology - December 1990
- Appendix A: Chronology - January 1991
- Appendix A: Chronology - January 1991 cont.
- Appendix A: Chronology - February 1991
- Appendix A: Chronology - March 1991
- Appendix A: Chronology - April 1991
- Appendix C: Allied Participation and Contributions
- Appendix D: Aircraft Sortie Count
- Appendix E: Aircraft Readiness Rates
- Appendix F: Aircraft and Personnel Losses
- Appendix G: Naval Gunfire Support
- Appendix H: Surface Warfare
- Appendix I: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
- Appendix K: Sealift
- Appendix L: Airlift
- US Navy in the World (2001-2010)
- Expand navigation for US Navy instruction for the destruction of signal books, 1863 US Navy instruction for the destruction of signal books, 1863
- US Navy Interviewer's Classification Guide
- US Navy Libraries
- US Navy Libraries: Historic Documents
- US Navy Motor Torpedo Boat Operational Losses
- US Navy Nurse Corps General Uniform Instructions, 1917
- US Navy in Operation Enduring Freedom, 2001-2002
- US Navy Personnel in World War II: Service and Casualty Statistics
- US Navy Personnel Strength, 1775 to Present
- US Navy Sailors Operating Ashore as Artillerymen Roth
- US Navy Ships Lost in Selected Storm/Weather Related Incidents
- US Navy Special Operations in the Korean War
- US Navy Submarines Losses, Selected Accidents, and Selected Incidents of Damage Resulting from Enemy Action, Chronological
- US Occupation Assistance: Iraq, Germany and Japan Compared
- US Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934
- US Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured
- US Radar: Operational Characteristics of Radar Classified by Tactical Application
- Use of Naval Forces in the Post-War Era
- U.S.S. Colorado BB-45 Diary
- U.S.S. Searaven S.S. 196 4 July 1945
- Expand navigation for USS Constitution's Battle Record USS Constitution's Battle Record
- USS John S. McCain (DDG 56) Memorial Ceremony
- USS Kearsarge Rescues Soviet Soldiers, 1960
- USS Monitor Versus CSS Virginia and the Battle for Hampton Roads
- USS Pirate; Selected documents on the Salvage of USS Pirate and USS Pledge
- USS Vega, Report of Pearl Harbor Attack
- USS West Virgina, Report of Salvage, Pearl Harbor
- The U.S. Navy Enlistment, Instruction, Pay and Advancement
- Expand navigation for V V
- Expand navigation for W W
- Expand navigation for War Damage Reports War Damage Reports
- Destroyer Report - Gunfire, Bomb and Kamikaze Damage
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Handbook of First Aid Treatment for Survivors of Disasters at Sea

First Aid Treatment
for
Survivors
of
Disasters at Sea
Issued By
The Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Navy Department
1943
Handbook of First Aid Treatment for Survivors of Disasters at Sea
Issued By
The Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Navy Department
1943
Preface
Navy Department
Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Washington, D.C., April 1, 1943
First Aid Treatment for Survivors of Disasters at Sea is published for use by all Navy, Coast Guard, and Merchant Marine personnel as a guide in giving emergency first-aid treatment to shipwreck survivors. It is recommended that it be given the widest distribution possible, particularly to those ships and stations where "survivors of ship disasters at sea" are likely to be picked up and where there is no medical attention immediately available. A copy should be made a part of the standard equipment for all types of lifeboats and rafts, and a quota based upon complement should be issued to all vessels.
First Aid Treatment for Survivors of Disasters at Sea covers an entirely different field from that to which the usual understanding of "first aid" applies. These procedures are based upon the experiences and needs of 9,114 survivors of 167 ship disasters; the points emphasized are blast and submersion injuries, immersion foot, frostbite, sunburn, eye inflammations, starvation, thirst, and mental disturbances.
ROSS T McINTIRE,
Surgeon General, U.S. Navy.
--(II)--
![Figure 1.--Eighty-three days on a raft! Starvation, famine edema, "immersion foot" and sun- and wind-burn affected each survivor. Two other companions died on the raft and were buried at sea. [Official Photograph U.S. Navy] Figure 1.--Eighty-three days on a raft! Starvation, famine edema, "immersion foot" and sun- and wind-burn affected each survivor. Two other companions died on the raft and were buried at sea. [Official Photograph U.S. Navy]](/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/h/handbook-first-aid-treatment-survivors-disasters-sea/_jcr_content/body/image_0.img.jpg/1431947431657.jpg)
--(III)--
[B L A N K]
--(IV)--
Table of Contents
Paragraph | ||
Section I. General Principles: | ||
Purpose | 1 | |
Use of own judgment | 2 | |
What to expect, and to do | 3 | |
Blast concussion injury, first-aid treatment | 4 | |
Breathing hard and coughing blood | 5 | |
Effects of exposure in open boat | 6 | |
Carrying and handling survivors | 7 | |
Examination of survivors | 8 | |
Removal of oil from skin | 9 | |
What to do for oil in eyes, ears, and stomach | 10 | |
Sores on body, legs and feet | 11 | |
Pressure ulcers and bed sores | 12 | |
Caution about starting treatment | 13 | |
Section II. Care of Survivors Suffering from Extreme Thirst: | ||
General description | 14 | |
Treatment of extreme thirst | 15 | |
Swelling of legs following treatment | 16 | |
Caution about the use of "Sulfa drugs" | 17 | |
Note on "urinating" | 18 | |
Section III. Starvation: | ||
What to expect | 19 | |
Feeding a starved survivor | 20 | |
Effects produced by lack of vitamins | 21 | |
First, second, and third day treatment | 22 | |
Nutritional or famine edema (dropsy) | 23 | |
Bowel movements | 24 | |
Section IV. Immersion Foot: | ||
Cause and symptoms | 25 | |
First-aid treatment of immersion foot | 26 | |
Section V. Frostbite and Prolonged Exposure to Cold: | ||
General description and care | 27 | |
Frostbite | 28 | |
Thawing out frozen parts | 29 | |
First (chilblain), second- and third-degree frostbite | 30 | |
Treatment | 31 | |
Section VI. Sunburns: | ||
Results and causes | 32 | |
Moderate sunburn--first-aid treatment | 33 | |
Symptoms and treatment of severe sunburn | 34 | |
Section VII. Eye Inflammation: | ||
Causes of, in survivors | 35 | |
Symptoms of eye inflammation | 36 | |
Treatment of eye inflammation | 37 | |
Section VIII. Mental Disturbances: | ||
Occurrence of, in survivors | 38 | |
Require watching | 39 | |
Delirium and fever | 40 | |
Treatment | 41 | |
Section IX. Final Word: | ||
No case hopeless | 42 |
--(VI)--
First-Aid Treatment for Survivors of Disasters At Sea
Section I
General Principles
1. Purpose. -- This guide has been written to help you in giving first aid to ship wreck survivors before a medical officer can see them. To use this information to the best advantage, you should know the general principles of first aid, and you must know how to give artificial respiration and how to stop hemorrhage--and you must know the first-aid treatment of shock, burns, heat exhaustion, sunstroke, and of fractures.
2. Use of Own Judgment.--You will have to use your own judgment in caring for cases of this kind. No hard-fast rules can be laid down because no two cases are alike and some people can stand up under hardships better than others. Going without food and water may cause much suffering among some survivors whereas others may not suffer greatly. Some persons can withstand exposure to sun, moisture, heat and cold better than others.
3. What to Expect, and To Do.--Do not forget that burns, broken bones, flesh wounds and the condition of shock are found often among survivors. First-aid treatment must be given immediately for these conditions. Another condition called blast concussion injury (in water) should be expected in survivors who have been swimming or floating in the water when a depth charge, torpedo, or aerial bomb has exploded nearby. The destructive force of such a blast is transmitted in all directions through the water and it is very likely to cause injuries of the lungs, stomach or intestines.
--1--
Because the injuries are internal, they cannot be seen and may be overlooked. However, there are certain symptoms you should watch for and be ready to take immediate action when they appear. Shock may be the first and only symptom, or it may develop after the appearance of other symptoms. If the lungs are injured, the victim will have difficulty in breathing. He may spit up or cough up frothy blood. With injury to the stomach and intestines, the victim will complain of pain in the abdomen. Later, due to the severe internal inflammation, you may find that the belly is swollen or very firm and unyielding. It may feel rigid and board-like when you put your hand on it.
4. Blast Concussion Injury, First-Aid Treatment.--The first-aid treatment of these conditions due to blast should be given immediately. The victim should be made to lie down with his head low and he should be kept warm. If you have morphine syrettes, give him sufficient morphine to relieve his pain and keep him comfortable. Water or other fluids may be given if thirst is severe. If you suspect that an internal organ has been ruptured or that there has been internal hemorrhage, there is all the more reason for getting him medical attention promptly.
5. Breathing Hard and Coughing Blood.--In the case of victims who are breathing hard and coughing blood, prop them up in a half sitting position and use morphine in small amounts only. Give only one-half the contents of a syrette.
6. Effects of Exposure in Open Boat.--Survivors who have been at sea in an open boat or raft for several days or weeks usually will be suffering from one or more of the following conditions:
- Extreme thirst.
- Starvation (malnutrition and under-nutrition).
--2--
- Painful and swollen feet ("Immersion Foot").
- Frostbite and effects of prolonged exposure to cold.
- Sunburns.
- Inflammation of eyes caused by sun glare, oily water, or exposure.
- Mental disturbances.
The treatment for each one of these conditions is described separately in this guide. Any one of several or a combination of them, or an injury, may cause shock. Survivors may be so weak that shock will develop unexpectedly when they attempt to climb out of a boat or raft.
7. Carrying and Handling of Survivors.--The survivors should be carried from the boat or raft if possible, and no avoidable exertion should be allowed unless you are sure that there are no serious injuries and that the general physical condition is reasonably good. A good rule to follow is to keep the survivors lying down with the head low and the feet raised. After carrying them to a dry and fairly warm place, remove all clothes, but be very careful to handle the legs and feet as gently as possible. Survivors should be warmed up, but never put a hot water bottle or any direct heat against their feet or legs, because permanent damage may result if they have a condition known as "immersion foot." Don't place survivors near a radiator, stove, or anything hot. Keep your patients at rest in a warm bed until all signs of exhaustion, shock, and mental distress have cleared up.
8. Examination of Survivors.--You must examine each survivor carefully for injuries, burns, frostbite, swelling, numbness, paralysis, and unusual tenderness of any part of the body. Ask about pain in the arms and legs.
--3--

a. Comfort and Questions.--After you have made the survivor as comfortable as possible, and if his condition permits, ask him how many days he has spent in an open boat and what the weather was like and if he was injured or sick. Don't forget to ask if he was swimming in the vicinity of an underwater explosion. Find out how much water and food he had and what kind of food rations were at hand. Ask him if he has taken any sea water to drink.
9. Removal of Oil From Skin.--Shipwreck victims often are covered with a heavy coating of dirty oil. This happens when a tanker is torpedoed and survivors are forced into oil covered waters. The oil can be removed by using another oil such as castor oil, mineral oil, lard, clean diesel oil, or other light oil as a wash and following it by the use of soap and water. On board naval vessels and in naval shore stations a special preparation called "Hypex" is used for this purpose. Also a 5 percent solution of "Dreft," "Drene," or "Orvus" can be used to remove oil. These are the trade names for several commercial cleansing agents. Soap and water must be used afterwards.
10. What To Do for Oil in Eyes, Ears, and Stomach.--If the survivor is covered with a dirty coating of oil, some of it usually gets in his eyes. This causes an eye inflammation. Its treatment is described below in the section called "Eye Inflammation." Oil that gets in the ears may cause earache. It can be relieved by gently flushing the ears out with lukewarm water. Oil that is swallowed may cause vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain. These symptoms disappear quickly with rest in bed and a diet of only soft or liquid foods.
11. Sores on Body, Legs, and Feet.--Survivors who have suffered from severe exposure may have small sores like boils or ulcers, covering all parts of the body that are not protected by clothing. Carefully clean the dirt
--5--
from the skin and remove the crust from the sores. Treat the sores with an antiseptic. Do not touch the sores on the feet or legs if the condition known as "immersion foot" is present. You will know how to recognize it after reading its description below.
12. Pressure Ulcers and Bed Sores.--Among those who have suffered greatly from starvation, extreme weight loss and emaciation will occur. Pressure ulcers or bed sores may develop from prolonged contact and pressure of the skin against hard surfaces such as thwarts and boat bottoms. Protect the ulcers against further pressure and contact with clothing or bedding by using cotton rings or pads. Do not put the support or padding directly on the ulcer or the surrounding inflamed area. Change the position of the patient frequently by turning him. Cleanse the inflamed areas daily with alcohol and dust with antiseptic powder. Keep the areas clean and dry and do not apply a dressing.
13. Caution About Starting Treatment.--Don't start treating anyone until you have carefully read the treatment for all conditions described in this guide. The treatment of special conditions caused by exposure and lack of food and water will now be taken up.
Section II
Care of Survivors Suffering From Extreme Thirst
14. General Description.--If the victim has been exposed for a long time and has not had enough water, he will be suffering from extreme thirst. Except for shock and serious injuries extreme thirst causes the greatest suffering and the most deaths among survivors. The treatment of starvation is not important when survivors are dying of thirst.
--6--
a. Food and water.-- Without food the average man may be expected to live for about twenty-one days if he has water to drink. If he gets less than one pint of water per day, and provided he gets no moist food, he will suffer from thirst after a few days. However, survivors have been known to live for ten days or more on as little as two or three ounces of water per day without causing any apparent bodily damage. The amounts of water and food needed by a survivor depend upon weather conditions, physical exertion and individual resistance.
b. Unconsciousness and shock.--Thirst may be so severe that it causes unconsciousness or extreme shock. Don't give water by mouth in cases of this kind. They should be treated for shock. After recovery from shock, they can usually take small amounts of sweetened water by mouth. It is best not to give alcoholic stimulants to survivors who are in need of water.
15. Treatment of Extreme Thirst.--Do not try to give fresh water or salt water through a rubber tube or other device inserted into the rectum. If shock or unconsciousness cannot be overcome, the immediate attention of a medical officer is necessary. Great loss of weight, high fever, very fast pulse, convulsions and being unable to urinate are symptoms which show that there is serious damage and that prompt medical attention is needed. In most cases, however, small amounts of water can be taken by mouth immediately. If severe thirst is present and there is difficulty in swallowing and a dry mouth, a few ounces of water with sugar added should be given every two hours and the amount should be gradually increased. Use about a teaspoon of sugar to a glass of water. Usually these cases are also suffering from starvation and the feeding of soft and liquid foods will help in providing water. If moderate thirst is present, it is treated by giving the victim all the water
--7--
he can comfortably take and as often as he likes. Zinc oxide ointment may be used to treat the lips when dryness has caused cracks and sores.
16. Swelling of Legs Following Treatment.--After the water balance of the body has been brought back to normal, the survivor's feet and legs may swell. This swelling may be due to (1) "immersion foot", (2) lack of vitamins in the diet, (3) lack of meat and other proteins in the diet. Keep the victim's feet raised above the level of the body until the swelling goes down.
17. Caution About the Use of "Sulfa Drugsā.--You may wish to give one of the sulfa drugs by mouth for the treatment of severe burns or flesh wounds. Do not give any of the sulfa drugs until the survivor has had enough water to overcome his thirst. If his thirst is extreme, this may take several days.
18. Note on "Urinating".--Don't be alarmed if, for the first week or more after rescue, the survivor complains of urinating more often than usual.
Section III
Starvation
19. What to Expect.--Most of the survivors after long exposure are suffering from starvation. The effect of starvation is much like that of severe thirst. It may be so severe that unconsciousness or shock will result and no attempt to give food or water by mouth should be made until the shock has been treated. Usually the victims have lost a great deal of weight. They may have fever and breathing may be shallow and fast. Keeping them at rest in a warm bed is of the greatest importance in treating both starvation and extreme thirst. If they have trouble in swallowing, dry mouth, and difficulty in urinating, you must treat them for thirst before giving soft or solid foods.
--8--
20. Feeding a Starved Survivor.--In general, the feeding of starved victims is like feeding a person who is just recovering from a serious illness. Give them small amounts of easily digestible foods at frequent intervals. For stimulants, give hot tea or coffee with sugar added. Victims who have been starved for three weeks or more and those who have been on a poor diet before shipwreck will usually need vitamins. To supply vitamins and fluids, give sweetened fruit juices (fresh orange juice, fresh lemonade, and canned grapefruit juice). The juice from ordinary canned tomatoes may be given and is usually less apt to cause an upset stomach than tomato juice cocktail.
21. Effects Produced by Lack of Vitamins.--Extreme lack of vitamins often causes sore mouth, swollen and bleeding gums, ulcers of the eyes, skin troubles, and swollen legs and arms. The sores in the mouth may be very troublesome, causing ulcers and difficulty in eating. Concentrated vitamins (of the kind that contain several vitamins including vitamins B and C) should be given. Two or three times the usual daily dose should be given. Remember that the lack of vitamins is more apt to cause trouble in warm and tropical climates. If you do not have vitamin pills, the treatment for starvation which is described below will help until the victims get medical attention.
22. First, Second, and Third Day of Treatment.--On the first day of treatment, give either fresh milk, condensed milk, or canned evaporated milk. Water must be added to the canned milk so that it has about the thickness of fresh milk. Sugar should be added to the fresh milk and evaporated milk, but it need not be added to sweetened condensed milk. Do not give cream or greasy foods for the first few days. Clear soups and broths are good if they do not contain much fat. Gruel, such as oatmeal, cream of wheat, or other well-cooked
--9--
cereals with sugar and milk added are good. Usually on the second day toast and bread can be added to the victims' diet, and by the third day regular full well-balanced meals can ordinarily be given.
23. Nutritional or Famine Edema (dropsy). -- A condition known as nutritional or famine edema (dropsy) may be seen in victims who have been starved for a period of two months or more. It is a result of not getting enough meat and other protein foods. In addition to the starved appearance, there is a swelling of the feet, legs, hands, and arms. To treat such cases give foods having a high protein content, such as eggs or meat. At first, give egg drinks and broth or soups. Try to get such cases under medical attention as soon as possible because they usually need hospital care.
24. Bowel Movements.--Survivors who have been on small food or water rations or without food or water for several days often become alarmed because they have few or no bowel movements. This is to be expected and no first-aid treatment is necessary. However, if desired, for such cases an enema may be given for the treatment of constipation.
Section IV
Immersion Foot
25. Cause and Symptoms.--If a survivor has been sitting in an open boat for a long time, his feet are often cold and wet. Actually they may have been immersed in icy water in the bottom of the boat. This causes a condition called "immersion foot." It may develop even though the victim has been wearing shoes or boots. Usually the first thing noticed is painful feet, and then a few days later the feet and legs begin to swell. These first symptoms are much like chilblain, even though the water temperature may have been above freezing. After a time discoloration of the skin appears and blood or
--10--
water blisters, ulcers, and even death of the tissues may occur. The feet feel numb and they may become paralyzed. Numbness and tingling sensations may be felt in the arms and hands.
a. Swelling of legs in "starvation" and in "immersion foot." -- You have read previously that swelling of the feet and legs may occur with a poor diet, especially if there have not been enough vitamins or enough protein. This condition is different from the swelling of "immersion foot," because in "immersion foot" there is much pain, often discoloration of the skin, and the feet are liable to have ulcers or sores on them. These other symptoms are not found usually with the swelling caused by a poor diet.
26. First-aid Treatment of Immersion Foot.--First-aid treatment for "immersion foot" is very important because the vitality of the legs and feet has been lost and the tissues are easily damaged. With treatment the circulation of blood in the legs and feet is improved, but remember that too rapid a return of circulation may cause severe pain and further damage. Be very careful in handling the limbs while numbness is present to keep from injuring the flesh. Keep the victim's feet and legs raised above his body level and put cold compresses on them for fifteen or twenty minutes out of every hour to relieve the pain. For compresses, use cloths that have been wrung out of cold water. Do not let the skin get wet. Use a rubber sheet or layer of other waterproof material to protect the skin from the moisture. Instead of compresses, ice bags may be used if a towel is placed underneath to protect the flesh. An electric fan blowing cool air over the feet may be as comforting as either compresses or ice bags. Keep the rest of the victim's body warm by applying heat. The arms may be placed in hot water to gradually warm him up. Never put direct heat on a foot or leg
--11--
![Figure 3.--"Immersion Foot." Salt water caused these sores on the legs of an airman rescued by a U. S. destroyer after seven days on a life raft. [Official Photograph U.S. Navy] Figure 3.--"Immersion Foot." Salt water caused these sores on the legs of an airman rescued by a U. S. destroyer after seven days on a life raft. [Official Photograph U.S. Navy]](/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/h/handbook-first-aid-treatment-survivors-disasters-sea/_jcr_content/body/image_2.img.jpg/1431948440452.jpg)
of a victim suffering from "immersion foot." Massage is harmful and the legs should not be washed and antiseptic should not be used. If you have sulfanilamide powder, you should dust it into any ulcers, cuts or sores that may be present on the limbs. Place the injured limb or limbs in dry cotton or wool and keep them cool. Don't apply any tight dressings or bandages because they may stop the circulation. You may have to keep up the treatment several days or weeks before the symptoms of "immersion foot" disappear. As long as there is paralysis or swelling or pain, the patient should not be allowed to walk and the treatment should be kept up.
Section V
Frostbite and Prolonged Exposure to Cold
27. General Description and Care.--Survivors who are in a weakened condition and who are starved are apt to suffer severely from the effects of cold. When the whole body has been exposed to severe cold the victim becomes numb, it is difficult for him to move, his eyesight fails, and he may become unconscious. In such a case, carry the patient to a cool room and warm him up very slowly. If breathing has ceased, give artificial respiration. Rub the limbs with cloths wet in cool water. When he begins to come to, give him a warm stimulating drink, such as coffee, tea or cocoa. Also slowly make the room warmer or move him to a warmer room. Then put the patient in a warm bed. If the patient is only chilled and is not unconscious and no parts of his body are frozen, he should be put in a warm bed at once and given hot stimulating drinks.
28. Frostbite. -- Frostbite is the freezing of single parts of the body most often the nose, ears, cheeks, fingers and toes. Frostbitten hands or feet are usually very painful. Frozen ears, cheeks and nose are not
--13--
painful and the victim usually does not realize they are frozen until someone notices the color change and tells him about it.
29. Thawing Out Frozen Parts.--In thawing out frozen parts of the body, never use heat. If the parts thaw too fast, pain and swelling result. The skin may peel off leaving a raw surface and there is danger of infection.
30. First (chilblain), Second, and Third Degree Frostbite.--In first-degree frostbite, sometimes called chilblain, the skin is a dark red color and the part is painful. In second-degree frostbite, the skin is bright red and there are blisters. In third-degree frostbite, the frozen part is pale, stiff, and brittle.
31. Treatment. -- Treatment should be started by putting cold wet cloths on the frosted part. Do not rub snow or ice on it. The temperature of the water in which the cloths are soaked should be raised gradually (a degree or two every few minutes) until it is luke-warm. If there are blisters, do not open them. Stop this treatment when the skin color is normal again and apply boric acid ointment to the frozen areas. Parts that are dead as a result of third-degree frostbite will, of course, not improve with treatment, and gangrene (death of the tissues) will set in. Cases like this need medical attention as soon as possible.
Section VI
Sunburns
32. Results and Causes.--Sunburn of survivors can be very serious and deaths have resulted from it when large areas of the body have been burned as a result of scanty clothing. Exposure in an uncovered boat or raft can cause sunburn even under a cloudy sky.
--14--
A well-tanned skin does not protect always against sunburn.
33. Moderate Sunburn--First-Aid Treatment.--First-aid treatment for sunburn is the same as for any burn. For moderate sunburn where the skin is reddened and very small blisters appear, use a burn ointment such as tannic acid ointment or boric acid ointment. Use zinc oxide ointment in cases where the skin has begun to crack and peel.
34. Symptoms and Treatment of Severe Sunburn.--For more severe burns where large blisters are present, put on boric acid ointment and cover with sterile gauze. If boric acid ointment is not available, use vaseline. Be careful not to open any blisters that have not already broken. Usually fever is present in cases of this kind and in cases where large areas of the body are moderately sunburned. Feverish patients should be kept in bed and drinking water and other fluids should be plentifully given.
Section VII
Eye Inflammation
35. Causes of, In Survivors.--Eye inflammation often occurs among survivors. It may be caused by exposure to wind, cold, or salt water; another kind called reflection blindness is caused by exposure to sunlight or sun glare reflected from water, snow, or ice. Eye inflammation is also caused by oil that may get in the eyes when survivors have to swim in oil-covered water.
36. Symptoms of Eye Inflammation.--The symptoms of eye inflammation are about the same whatever the cause. Where oil is the cause, the eyes look oil stained and dirty. Eye inflammation causes the eyes to be red, bloodshot, overflowing with tears, sometimes painful, and there is often a sticky crust on the lids. Looking at a bright light is usually painful to the victim.
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37. Treatment of Eye Inflammation.--Use a 2 percent baking soda solution or a boric acid solution to wash out the eyes. The solution should be dropped in the eyes using an eye dropper or medicine dropper. You can make the baking soda solution by adding one level teaspoonful of baking soda to one-half pint of water. If you cannot make up the baking soda solution, use boric acid solution. Cold compresses (ice bags or cloths wrung out of cold water) should be placed over the eyes for 10 minutes out of every hour that the eyes are painful. Don't use the cold compresses if there are ulcers in the eyes, but get medical attention as soon as possible. If you have a supply of clear, clean, mineral oil on hand, use a drop of its in each inflamed eye three or four times per day. Use an eye dropper or medicine dropper to drop it into the eyes. Do not put any bandages or covering over the eyes. Have the victim wear dark glasses until all the inflammation is gone.
Section VIII
Mental Disturbances
38. Occurrence of, In Survivors.--Mental disturbances are common among survivors as a result of their severe hardships. Such complications are most often seen in victims of middle age or older who are in poor physical condition. Fatigue and exhaustion cause nervousness or depression. When victims are rescued they may be so happy and excited that their minds are temporarily unbalanced. Survivors may become boisterous and very excitable or they may be so depressed that they appear to be unconscious.
39. Require Watching.--If possible, have someone stay with them as long as mental disturbances are present.
40. Delirium and Fever.--When a victim is delirious, it usually shows that he has a fever and is seriously
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ill. Convulsions and delirium sometimes result when desperate survivors have taken to drinking sea water. People who drink considerable quantities of sea water seldom ever live to tell about it.
41. Treatment.--Survivors must be reassured that "everything is all right," and that there is nothing to fear. Mental disturbances usually clear up with rest and with treatment for the other conditions described in this guide. You may have to give mild sedatives such as phenobarbital or bromides to help the victims relax and sleep. Rest in bed in a quiet room and sedatives should be provided for several days or weeks when the mental condition is especially serious and slow to improve.
Section IX
Final Word
42. No Case Is Hopeless.--Remember that recovery is usually rapid and complete in most survivors if they are promptly and properly treated. Don't think that any case is hopeless even though it may appear to be so. if you follow the directions for treating survivors that you have read above, you will prevent further suffering, start victims on the way to early recovery and you may save a life.
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[END]
Footnotes

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