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Acknowledgement

The Office of the Historian and Navy Medicine Magazine prepared the above introductory essay and assisted with the bibliography on the Influenza of 1918.

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Influenza of 1918 (Spanish Flu) and the US Navy

Influenza patients
Influenza patients - November 1918, The Office of the Historian and Navy Medicine Magazine, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, 2300 E Street, NW, Washington, DC 20372.
Introduction
Online Documents
Bibliography
Influenza-Related Medical Terms
Personnel Receiving Awards
Photographs of the Epidemic

Introduction

We are all familiar with the tell-tale signs of the flu: sneezing, coughing, aching, and overall physical weakness. In fact, this is probably no different from what our American ancestors encountered before World War I. However, all this changed in 1918, when a particularly virulent form of influenza - the so-called Spanish Flu - appeared, causing more deaths (over 50 million) than had resulted from the entire First World War which lasted four years.

Spanish Flu victims suffered massive pneumonia and fatal pulmonary complications: they literally drowned in their own body fluids. Lungs filled with fluid and their skin became markedly discolored from the lack of oxygen. Mysteriously, it killed more young than old. The death rate was greatest among ages 15 to 40.

Navy medical professionals were among those who were overwhelmed trying to fight this virus. Treatment was essentially non-existent. The US Navy was forced to rely on quarantine or infectious disease stations as brave doctors, hospital corpsmen, and nurses cared for the daily needs of the patients.

Navy nurse Josie Brown, who served at Naval Hospital in Great Lakes, Illinois in 1918, later described what happened there and in many hospitals around the country:

The morgues were packed almost to the ceiling with bodies stacked one on top of another. The morticians worked day and night. You could never turn around without seeing a big red truck loaded with caskets for the train station so bodies could be sent home.
We didn’t have the time to treat them. We didn’t take temperatures; we didn’t even have time to take blood pressure.
We would give them a little hot whisky toddy; that’s about all we had time to do. They would have terrific nosebleeds with it. Sometimes the blood would just shoot across the room. You had to get out of the way or someone’s nose would bleed all over you.

During the peak of the 1918 influenza pandemic, the US Navy operated hospitals in the Azores; Brest, France; Canacao, Philippine Islands; Cape May, New Jersey; Charleston, South Carolina; Chelsea, Massachusetts; Genoa, Italy; Gibraltar; Great Lakes, Illinois; Guam; Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; Key West, Florida; League Island, Pennsylvania; Leith, Scotland; London, England; New London, Connecticut; New Orleans, Louisiana; New York, New York; Norfolk, Virginia; Parris Island, South Carolina; Pearl Harbor, Territory of Hawaii; Pensacola, Florida; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Portsmouth, New Hampshire; Puget Sound, Washington; Queenstown, Ireland; Strathpeffer, Scotland; St. Thomas, Virgin Islands; and Washington, DC.

At these medical facilities, and at naval stations throughout the world, one could read the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery “Circular 1” which said:

For the protection of others, if you are really sick stay at home and remain there until the fever is over. A day in bed at the very beginning may also save you from serious consequences. . .

If you are up and about, protect healthy persons from infection—don’t spray others with the secretions from your nose and throat in coughing, sneezing, laughing, or talking. Cover your mouth with a handkerchief. Boil your handkerchiefs and other contaminated articles. Wash your hands frequently. Keep away from others as much as possible while you have a cough.

In 1918, Navy and Marine patients totaling 121,225 were admitted at Navy medical facilities with influenza. Of these patients, 4,158 died of the virus, and sick patients spent over one million sick days in these facilities worldwide.

Of the heroes who treated these patients some made the ultimate sacrifice. Thirty-two were nurses, all of whom would be awarded the British Victoria Cross. Three of these women - Marie Louise Hidell (Naval Hospital Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), Edna Place (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) and Lillian Murphy (Hampton Roads, Virginia) - were awarded the Navy Cross, posthumously.

Recently, the spread of the Avian Flu has become a major concern. It may mutate and possibly mimic the virulence and symptoms of the 1918 Spanish Influenza. If this happens, the US Navy will again be on the forefront of medical care.

Online documents

Armstrong, James F. "Philadelphia, Nurses, and the Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918." Navy Medicine 92, no. 2 (March-April 2001): 16-20.

Caperton, William B. "History of Flag Career of Rear Admiral William B. Caperton, US Navy, Commencing January 5, 1915." (Washington, DC: n.d [1919?]): 377-382. [Caperton provides an eyewitness account of the 1918 Influenza while serving on Armored Cruiser No. 4, USS Pittsburgh, at Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. The original document is located at the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, DC, in Record Group 45. A photocopy is located in the Navy Department Library. Admiral Caperton authored this document at the end of his career. The full document contains a firsthand account of operations in Haiti, 1915-1916; Nicaragua and Mexico, 1916; and in the South Atlantic, 1917-1919.].

Collins, Selwyn D. "Influenza in the United States, 1887-1956." Washington, DC: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1957.

Daer, C.C. "The Pandemic of Influenza in 1918-19." Washington, DC?: Public Health Service, National Office of Vital Statistics, 19 July 1957.

Gernhart, Gary. "A Forgotten Enemy: PHS's Fight Against the 1918 Influenza Pandemic." Public Health Reports 114 (November/December 1999): 559-561.

Gleaves, Albert. A History of the Transport Service: Adventures and Experiences of United States Transports and Cruisers in the World War. (New York: George H. Doran Company, 1921): 190-193.

Kennedy, R.M. "Influenza at the U.S. Naval Hospital, Washington, DC." United States Naval Medical Bulletin 13, no. 2 (1919): 355.

McAnally, W.F. "Influenza on a Naval Transport." United States Naval Medical Bulletin 13, no. 1 (1919): 168-170.

Morrisey, Carla R. "The Influenza Epidemic of 1918." Navy Medicine 77, no. 3 (May-June 1986): 11-17.

Snyder, Thomas L. "The Great Flu Crisis at Mare Island Navy Yard, and Vallejo, California." Navy Medicine 94, no.5 (September - October 2003): 25-29.

US Navy. Annual Reports of the Navy Department for the Fiscal Year 1919. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1920. [See “Report of the Surgeon General,” pp.2414-2506.].

"A Winding Sheet and a Wooden Box." Navy Medicine 77, no. 3 (May-June 1986): 18-19. [Navy Nurse Josie Brown and the 1918 Influenza pandemic.].

Personnel Awarded the Navy Cross, and Nurses Receiving a Letter of Commendation for Service During the Influenza of 1918-1919

Personnel Awarded the Navy Cross

Hidell, Marie Louise, Nurse, US Navy.
For distinguished service and devotion to duty while serving at the Naval Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa. During the epidemic of the influenza, worked day and night among the patients until stricken with the disease, as a result of which she lost her life on September 28, 1918.

McGuire, Lee W., Lieutenant Commander, US Navy.
For distinguished service in the line of his profession while serving at the U. S. Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Mass., in developing a convalescent influenza-pneumonia serum, which has proved of very great value in reducing mortality from 38 to 4 per cent, and for general service at the hospital.

Miller, Carey F., Hospital Apprentice First Class, US Navy.
For distinguished service and devotion to duty while serving in the Naval Base Hospital at Hampton Roads. During an epidemic of influenza he worked day and night amongst the patients until stricken with the disease as a result of which he lost his life.

Murphy, Lillian M., Nurse, US Navy.
For distinguished service and devotion to duty while serving at the Naval Base Hospital, Hampton Roads, Va. During the epidemic of influenza, worked day and night among the patients until stricken with the disease, as a result of which she lost her life

Place, Edna E., Nurse, US Navy.
For distinguished service and devotion to duty, while serving at the Naval Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa. During the epidemic of influenza, worked day and night among the patients until stricken with the disease, as a result of which she lost her life on September 28, 1918.

Poyer, John M., Commander, US Navy.
For exceptionally meritorious service in a duty of great responsibility as governor of American Samoa, for wise and successful administration of his office and especially for the extraordinarily successful measures by which American Samoa was kept absolutely immune from the epidemic of influenza at a time when in the neighboring islands of the Samoan group more than 10,000 deaths occurred, and when the percentage of deaths throughout the Polynesian Islands as a group, is reported to have ranged from 30 to 40 per cent of the population.

Redden, William R., Lieutenant (Medical Corps), US Navy.
For distinguished service in the line of his profession while serving at the U.S. Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Mass., in developing a convalescent influenza-pneumonia serum, which has proven of very great value in reducing mortality from 38 to 4 per cent, and for general service at the hospital.

US Navy Nurses Receiving a Letter of Commendation for Service During the Influenza of 1918

Brooke, Elsie., Chief Nurse, US Navy.
While Serving as Chief Nurse at the US Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Mass., she exhibited highly commendable devotion to duty in attending to the sick, particularly during the influenza epidemic in the fall of 1918.

Pringle, Martha E., Chief Nurse, US Navy.
As Chief Nurse at the US.S. Naval Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa., and in charge of the nurses of three Civilian Hospitals, she performed arduous, dangerous and efficient service, especially during the epidemic of influenza in September and October, 1918.

Source: Stringer, Harry R. ed. The Navy Book of Distinguished Service: An Official Compendium of the Names and Citations of the Men of the United States Navy, Marine Corps, Army and Foreign Governments Who Were Decorated by the Navy Department for Extraordinary Gallantry and Conspicuous Service Above and Beyond the Call of Duty in the World War. Washington, DC: Fassett Publishing Company,1921.


Department of Navy. Bureau of Yards and Docks. US Naval Hospital Reservation, Washington, DC. Emergency Hospital Buildings, Pneumonia Ward No.1, Plans, Elevations & Sections, Drawn by LLH. Traced by LLH. Approved Oct. 10. 1918. Approved in accord...
Caption: Emergency Hospital Buildings, Pneumonia Ward No.1, Plans, Elevations & Sections, Approved 10 October 1918.
Description: Source: Activities of the Bureau of Yards and Docks, Navy Department, World War, 1917-1918. (Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1921): following page 126.

Navy Nurses Awarded World War I Victory Medals
1. Ben-Blow, Eloy
2. Burmeister, Theresa
3. Burnett, Theodosia
4. Casterline, Drusilla
5. Coleman, Maude E.
6. Dahlby, Anna M.
7. Flannery, Bride M.
8. Good, Victoria R.
9. Hidell, Marie L.
10. Hogan, Agnes
11. Kokanson, Edith E.
12. Kavanagh, Harriet K.
13. Kirb, Elizabeth K.
14. Kotte, Emma
15. Martin, Constance
16. Lea, Alice
17. McLanahan, Ethel
18. Mercer, Jane
19. Metcalf, Mildred A.
20. Murphy, Lillian M.
21. Orchard, Helen V.
22. Peck, Garnett Olive
23. Place, Edna E.
24. Rockwell, Vera M.
25. Schneiberg, Laura H.
26. Story, Amber R.
27. Grant, Myrtle E.
28. Thompson, Alice L.
29. Turner, Marion Pearl
30. Trimble, Marie E.
31. Trechler, Amy
32. Young, Rose Kirkwood

Source: "Military Awards to Navy Nurses." (ca. 1970) Navy Nurse Reference Collection. BUMED Archives.

[END]

Published: Mon Apr 06 15:39:07 EDT 2015