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Appendix 4

Bibliography1

4.1 General Articles

4.1.1 Operation Intense Look— Red Sea Mining 1984

“2 Dutch Minesweepers Due at Port on Red Sea.” New York Times, 16 September 1984.

“3 Italian Minehunters Returning to Red Sea.” New York Times, 23 September 1984.

“3 Mines Reported Found in Red Sea as International Fleet Speeds to Scene.” Toronto Star, 14 August 1984.

“5 or 6 Ships Have Struck Mines in Red Sea, Lloyd’s Intelligence Unit Reports.” Los Angeles Times, 4 August1984.

“5 Possible Mines Found in Suez Gulf.” The San Diego Union, 22 August 1984.

“5 Soviet Ships Bound for Red Sea Mine Hunt.” The San Diego Union, 24 August 1984.

“10th Ship Hits Mine in Red Sea.” Philadelphia Daily News, 6 August 1984.

“17th Ship Said Ripped by Mine/U.S. Ship Joins Sweep Operations in Red Sea Area.” The San Diego Union, 17 August 1984.

Abu-Yassar, Yassine Mohammed. “Red Sea Mines a Hoax.” The Globe and Mail, 28 September 1984.

“‘Almost New’ Mine Found in Gulf of Suez.” Los Angeles Times, 20 September 1984.

“Among the Mine Sweepers.” The Washington Post, 18 August 1984.

“Another Ship Strikes Red Sea Mine.” The Vancouver Sun, 16 August 1984.

Beecher, William. “Escort Service/Navy Not Clear on Who Laid Gulf Mines.” Houston Chronicle, 22 July 1987.

Behr, Edward A. “A Special Weekly Report from the Wall Street Journal’s Capital Bureau.” Wall Street Journal, 14 September 1984.

_____________

1 I am particularly thankful for the excellent, cheerful, and long-suffering bibliographical assistance of Greta E. Marlatt, Senior Research Librarian, Dudley Knox Library, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA. She has compiled an extraordinary mine warfare resource. Likewise, I thank Dr. Timothy O’Hara, Research Scientist at the Center for Naval Analyses, who searched the CNA library and archives for this project.

[1]

Biddle, Wayne. “200 Navy Men Off for Gulf of Suez to Combat Mines.” New York Times, 8 August 1984.

———. “Source of Mines is Still a Mystery as U.S. Force Heads for Red Sea.” New York Times, 15 August 1984.

———. “Suez Sweep.” New York Times, 12 August 1984.

———. “U.S. Says Red Sea Mine Unit Gets Set to Sail.” New York Times, 10 August 1984.

———. “U.S. Sends Copters to Help Remove Mines in Red Sea.” New York Times, 7 August 1984.

———. “U.S. to End Search for Mines Off Egypt.” New York Times, 18 September 1984.

———. “U.S. Weighs Move to Help Egypt Rid Red Sea of Mines.” New York Times, 5 August 1984.

“Blast Hits Merchant Ship in Red Sea; Mine Suspected.” Philadelphia Inquirer, 21 September 1984.

Breemer, Jan. “Intense Look: U.S. Minehunting Experience in the Red Sea.” Navy International 90, no. 8 (August 1985): 478–82.

“Britain, France and USSR to Join Red Sea Mine Search.” The Christian Science Monitor, 10 August 1984.

“British and French Vessels Enter Suez Canal.” New York Times, 15 August 1984.

“British Searchers Find a Mine in the Red Sea.” Philadelphia Inquirer, 18 September 1984.

“British Ship Finds Red Sea Mine.” Calgary Herald, 18 September 1984.

“British Ships to End Red Sea Mine Search.” Los Angeles Times, 14 October 1984.

Brooker, R. W. “Survey Ship Goes Mine Hunting: Harkness and ‘Intense Look’.” All Hands, no. 815 (February 1985): 32–34; https://archive.org/details/allhands8158unit.

“Caller Says Extremists Will Place More Mines.” The Globe and Mail, 15 August 1984.

Cockle, Mark. “Suez Canal Blockade Warning by Iraq.” Lloyd’s List, 24 May 1984.

“Copters Drag Sea in Hunt for Mines.” The Globe and Mail, 18 August 1984.

“Cypriot Ship 17th to Trigger Red Sea Mine.” Calgary Herald, 16 August 1984.

“Cypriot Ship Strikes Mine in Red Sea.” Los Angeles Times, 16 August 1984.

Dionne, E. J., Jr. “Khomeini Denies Link to Mining; Criticizes the Government Radio.” New York Times, 10 August 1984.

[2]

Dunn, Michael Collins. “Fishing in Troubled Waters,” Defense and Foreign Affairs 12 (October 1984).

“Egypt ‘70% Sure’ Libya and Iran Planted Mines That Damaged Ships in Gulf of Suez and Red Sea.” Los Angeles Times, 11 August 1984.

“Egypt Asks Britain for Minesweepers.” The Globe and Mail, 7 August 1984.

“Egypt Calls Gulf of Suez Safe, But Patrols Red Sea.” Los Angeles Times, 6 August 1984.

“Egypt Navy Tightens Security on Suez Canal Amid Threats of Interference—Chief.” BBC Monitoring Newsfile, 21 October 2013.

“Egypt Says Effort to Clear Mines Is Expected to End this Month.” New York Times, 14 September 1984.

“Egypt Says No End in Sight to Red Sea Mines Search.” The Globe and Mail, 7 September 1984.

“Egypt Vows to Close Canal to Layers of Mines.” Los Angeles Times, 12 August 1984.

“Egypt Vows to Keep Red Sea Open Despite Threat.” The San Diego Union, 15 August 1984.

“Egypt Warns Iran, Libya on Suez Canal Closing.” The Washington Post (1974–Current File), 11 August 1984.

“Egypt Warns It May Bar Iran Ships from Canal.” Los Angeles Times, 10 August 11984.

“Egypt: Soviets Made Mine Found by British.” The Washington Post, 1 October 1984.

“Egyptian Describes Red Sea Mine.” The Washington Post, 12 October 1984.

“Egyptian Paper Blames Libya for Red-Sea Mines.” Philadelphia Daily News, 21 August 1984.

“Egyptians Ask Britain to Send Minesweepers.” Boston Globe, 7 August 1984.

“Egyptians Uncover Mine in Red Sea.” Calgary Herald, 17 August 1984.

“Experts Close to Origin of Sea Mine.” The Globe and Mail, 28 September 1984.

“Explosions Linked to Gulf War as Suspicions Focus on Tehran.” The Globe and Mail, 8 August 1984.

“Finding Who Laid Red Sea Mines ‘Impossible,’ U.S. Commander Says.” Philadelphia Inquirer, 20 August 1984.

[3]

“Five Ships Damaged by Mines in Red Sea, Shipping Sources Say.” The Globe and Mail, 4 August 1984.

“Five Ships in Red Sea Strike Mines.” Winnipeg Free Press, 4 August 1984.

“Foes Decry U.S. Role in Red Sea/USSR, Iran Say Mines Exploited to Gain Control.” The San Diego Union, 14 August 1984.

“France and Italy Agree to Extend Their Search for Mines in Red Sea.” New York Times, 22 September 1984.

“Freedom at Sea: Use It or Lose It . . .” New York Times, 21 August 1984.

“Freighter Sinks in Red Sea.” Houston Chronicle, 26 April 1985.

George, Christian. “The World’s Military: Jane’s 1984.” Houston Chronicle, 30 June 1985.

Gerstenzang, James. “British, French Ships Join Flotilla Hunting for Mines.” Los Angeles Times, 15 August 1984.

———. “Egypt Seeks U.S. Aid to Clear Mines.” Los Angeles Times, 7 August 1984.

Greenberger, Robert S. and Youssef M. Ibrahim. “U.S. Is Considering Ways to Help Egypt Clear Red Sea Mines.” Wall Street Journal, 6 August 1984.

Gumucio, Juan Carlos. “Iran Threatens to Block Persian Gulf Entrance.” The Washington Post, August, 1984.

Halloran, Richard. “U.S. Forces in the Mediterranean Not Alerted or Ordered to Move.” New York Times, 21 September 1984.

———. “U.S. Sends Copters to Aid the Saudis in Hunt for Mines.” New York Times, 14 August 1984.

Harsch, Josh C.“A Suez Story.” The Christian Science Monitor, 28 August 1984.

———. “US Tests Mideast Waters—Gingerly.” The Christian Science Monitor, 17 August 1984.

Haskin, Kevin. “Stop Red Sea, That’s the Ticket.” Topeka Capital Journal, 20 September, 2000.

Hiatt, Fred. “British Moving Possible Mine from Red Sea.” The Washington Post, 18 September 1984.

———. “Team Urges U.S. to Help Clear Red Sea Mines.” The Washington Post, 4 August 1984.

———. “Vessels Report being Damaged Below Red Sea.” The Washington Post, 3 August 1984.

———. “Explosions Hit Three Ships in Gulf of Suez.” The Washington Post, 1 August 1984.

[4]

“International Force Afloat to Clear Mines from Suez.” The Globe and Mail, 14 August 1984.

“Iran Accuses U.S. and Israel of Laying Mines in Red Sea.” The Globe and Mail, 8 August 1984.

“Iran Accuses U.S., Israel of Sowing Red Sea Mines It Hailed.” The San Diego Union, 9 August 1984.

“Iran Accuses US, Israel of (Red Sea) Mine Plot.” The Gazette, 9 August 1984.

“Iran and Libya Linked to (Red Sea) Mines.” The Vancouver Sun, August 10, 1984.

“Iran Blames U.S., Israel for Red Sea Mines.” Los Angeles Times, 8 August 1984.

“Iran Charges U.S., Israel with Mining of Red Sea.” The Washington Post, 9 August 1984.

“Iran Hails Mine Blasts in Red Sea.” The Globe and Mail, 7 August 1984.

“Iran Lauds Ship Attacks But Denies Role.” New York Times, 8 August 1984.

“Iran Links Terrorists, Ship Mines/Praises Islamic Jihad But Denies any Involvement.” The San Diego Union, 8 August 1984.

“Iran Says It Will Retaliate if Egypt Harasses Its Ships.” New York Times, 18 August 1984.

“Italian Ships to Join Hunt for Red Sea Mines.” The Globe and Mail, 21 August 1984.

Jansen, Godfrey. “The Red Sea Mines.” Middle East International 232, (24 August 1984): 6.

Jansen, G. H. “Shia Extremists Extend Gulf War into Red Sea.” Los Angeles Times, 12 August 1984.

Jenkins, Loren. “Blast Damages Another Freighter in Red Sea.” The Washington Post, 17 August 1984.

———. “British Officer Says Mine Hunt May Take Months.” The Washington Post, 27 August 1984.

———. “Copters Pull Sonar in Vain Search for Mines.” The Washington Post, 20 August 1984.

———. “Egyptian Almost Certain of Libyan Role in Mining.” The Washington Post, 22 August 1984.

———. “Italian Ships Join Red Sea Mine Hunt.” The Washington Post, 29 August 1984.

Kaplan, Fred. “US Ponders Riddle of Red Sea Mines.” Boston Globe, 19 August 1984.

“Khomeini Denounces Reported Red Sea Mining, Assails Iran Radio.” The San Diego Union, 10 August 1984.

[5]

“Khomeini Raps Mining, Iran Radio.” Los Angeles Times, 9 August 1984.

Lamb, David. “4 Italian Ships Joining Red Sea Mine Hunt.” Los Angeles Times, 29 August 1984.

———. “Cypriot Ship Damaged by Red Sea Mine.” Los Angeles Times, 17 August 1984.

———. “Effort to Clear Red Sea Mines Intensified.” Los Angeles Times, 13 August 1984.

———. “Egypt can’t Identify Mines, Diplomats Say.” Los Angeles Times, 22 January 1985.

———. “Mine-Hunting Crews in Red Sea Expect to Come Up Empty-Handed.” Los Angeles Times, 8 September 1984.

———. “New Mining Evidence Cited Against Libya.” Los Angeles Times, 22 August 1984.

———. “Red Sea Mine Sweep May Take 3 Months.” Los Angeles Times, 27 August 1984.

———. “Red Sea Mines Not Powerful, Experts Say.” Los Angeles Times, 19 August 1984.

———. “Some Nation Behind Mining, Experts Say.” Los Angeles Times, 14 August 1984.

Levie, Howard S. Mine Warfare at Sea. Leyden, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1992, 189.

“Libya Accused of Planting Red Sea Mines.” The Vancouver Sun, 21 August 1984.

“Libya Placed Red Sea Mines, U.S. Believes.” Los Angeles Times, 3 October 1984.

“Libya, Iran Deny Laying Red Sea Mines.” The Globe and Mail, 13 August 1984.

“Libya, Iran Suspected as Egypt Investigates Evidence on Mining.” The Globe and Mail, 11 August 1984.

“Lloyds Reports That Five More Ships Hit Mines in Red Sea; U.S. Sends Aid.” Philadelphia Inquirer, 4 August 1984.

“Main Red Sea Port Swept for Mines.” Winnipeg Free Press, 18 August 1984.

Masland, Tom. “Amid Mines and Mystery, the Faithful Sail the Red Sea.” Philadelphia Inquirer, 12 August 1984.

———. “Khadafy’s Hand Seen in Mines/Egypt Has a Suspect in Attacks on Ships in Red Sea.” Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 August 1984.

———. “U.S. Craft Arrives to Join Red Sea Search for Mines.” Philadelphia Inquirer, 16 August 1984.

———. “With the Search for Red Sea Mines: Hunting ‘What It Is That Is Going On’.” Philadelphia Inquirer, 15 August 1984.

Miller, Judith. “2 Soviet Ships Join Hunt in Red Sea.” New York Times, 23 August 1984.

———. “Blast in Red Sea Damages a Cypriot-Registered Vessel.” New York Times, 17 August 1984.

———. “British Naval Forces Inspect a Mine Found in Gulf of Suez.” New York Times, 20 September 1984.

[6]

———. “Egypt Links Libya and Iran to Mines.” New York Times, 11 August 1984.

———. “Egypt Says Libyan Role in Blasts in Red Sea Is ‘Almost Confirmed’.” New York Times, 22 August 1984.

———. “Libya Denies Link to Mines; Europeans May Join Search.” New York Times, 13 August 1984.

———. “Little is Known about Group Linked to Mining of Red Sea.” New York Times, 8 August 1984.

———. “Red Sea Flotilla Crosses the Canal.” New York Times, 16 August 1984.

———. “A Saudi Vessel Is Damaged by Explosion in Gulf of Suez.” New York Times, 21 September 1984.

———. “Suez Canal Eases Back to Normal.” New York Times, 18 August 1984.

———. “Suez Mines Are Yet Another Obstacle in Mubarak’s Path.” New York Times, 19 August 1984.

———. “Vowing to ‘Find It,’ U.S. Presses Mine Hunt.” New York Times, 20 August 1984.

“Mine (Found in Red Sea) Believed to be Russian.” Halifax Chronicle-Herald, 1 October 1984.

“Mine at Egypt Beach Kills 4.” Los Angeles Times, 6 May 1985.

“Mine Blamed in Sinking of Cargo Ship in Red Sea.” Houston Chronicle, 25 April 1985.

“Mine Damages 17th Red Sea Ship.” Halifax Chronicle-Herald, 17 August 1984.

“Mine Damages Polish Freighter in the Red Sea.” The Washington Post, 12 August 1984.

“Mine found in Red Sea is Called Soviet-made.” New York Times, 1 October 1984.

“Mine found in Suez Gulf ‘Almost New’.” Los Angeles Times, 19 September 1984.

“Mine in Red Sea Was Made by Soviets, Says London Times.” The Christian Science Monitor,

1 October 1984.

“Mine Said to Sink Freighter in Red Sea.” The Washington Post, 25 April 1985.

“Mine Source Eludes Red Sea Search Force.” Winnipeg Free Press, 10 September 1984.

“Mine-Hunters (in Red Sea) Come Up Empty.” Halifax Chronicle-Herald, 25 August 1984.

“Mines Damage Several Ships in Red Sea Off Yemen Coast.” New York Times, 4 August 1984.

“Mines Found in Red Sea.” Philadelphia Daily News, 14 August 1984.

“More Ships to Join Mine Effort.” New York Times, 29 August 1984.

Moore, Captain John. “Red Sea Mines a Mystery No Longer.” Jane’s Naval Review, Fourth Year. London: Jane’s Publishing Company, 1985, 64–67.

[7]

“Mubarak Links Iran, Libya to Red Sea Blasts.” The San Diego Union, 11 August 1984.

“Multi-Force Sweep Fails to Net Red Sea Mines.” The Globe and Mail, 21 August 1984.

“Multinational Mine Search (in Red Sea) in Full Gear After Explosion.” Winnipeg Free Press, 22 September 1984.

“Netherlands Joins Search for Mines in the Red Sea.” Philadelphia Inquirer, 23 September 1984.

Nitschke, Stefan. “MCM from the Air-Mine Detection and Clearance.” Naval Forces 24, no. 6 (2003): 8–12, 14–16.

“No Mines, Saudi Official Says.” New York Times, 27 August 1984.

“Oil Tanker ‘Sinking’ After Hitting Mine in Southern Red Sea.” Toronto Star, 6 August 1984.

“Old Soviet-Made Mine Found in Red Sea, Not Linked to Blasts.” The Washington Post, 17 September 1984.

“Poland Reports Cargo Ship Heavily Damaged by Red Sea Mine.” The San Diego Union, 12 August 1984.

“Poland Says Ship Hit Red Sea Mine.” Boston Globe, 12 August 1984.

“Polish Vessel Hits a Mine in Red Sea.” New York Times, 12 August 1984.

“Polish Vessel Is Damaged by Red Sea Mine.” Los Angeles Times, 12 August 1984.

Priest, Dana and George C. Wilson. “U.S. Helicopters Sent to Egypt to Clear Mines.” The Washington Post, 7 August 1984.

Prina, L. Edgar. “Libya’s Nervous Neighbors Wonder Whom Khadafy Will Hit Next.” The San Diego Union, 17 November 1984.

“Red Sea Cleared of Mines.” Calgary Herald, 11 October 1984.

“(Red Sea:) Helicopters Complete Mine Scan.” The Vancouver Sun, 22 August 1984.

“Red Sea Incident Demonstrates U.S. Need for Mine Sweepers.” Omaha World-Herald, 24 September 1984.

“Red Sea Mine Damages 17th Cargo Ship.” Winnipeg Free Press, 17 August 1984.

“Red Sea Mine Force Finds No Explosives/Egypt Lacks Hard Evidence That Libyans Mined the

Waterway.” The San Diego Union, 25 August 1984.

[8]

“Red Sea Mine Hunt Called Long Term.” New York Times, 21 August 1984.

“Red Sea Mine Soviet-made But Moscow Is Not Blamed.” The Globe and Mail, 1 October 1984.

“Red Sea Mine Threat Issued: Egypt Warns Against further Disruption of Waterways.” Winnipeg Free Press, 15 August 151984.

“Red Sea Mine Threat Probed.” The Vancouver Sun, 15 August 1984.

“Red Sea Mines Linked to Libyans.” Winnipeg Free Press, 4 October 1984.

“Red Sea Task Force Fails to Find Mines.” Winnipeg Free Press, 25 August 1984.

“Russian Vessel Struck a Mine in the Red Sea.” The Vancouver Sun, 13 August 1984.

“Russian-made Mine Reported in Red Sea.” The San Diego Union, 17 September 1984.

“Safety of Navigation.” The Christian Science Monitor, 7 August 1984.

“Salvagers Raise Mine Found in Gulf of Suez.” The Globe and Mail, 20 September 1984.

“Search for Mines in Red Sea Fruitless.” The San Diego Union, 21 August 1984.

Seib, Gerald F. “U.S. Experts May Have Found Mines in Suez.” Wall Street Journal, 14 August 1984.

———. “U.S. Warns Ships in the Suez Canal Area Following Blasts Possibly Caused by Mines.” Wall Street Journal, 1 August 1984.

Seib, Gerald F. and Robert S. Greenberger. “Iran’s Signals Mixed on Mines in the Red Sea.” Wall Street Journal, 8 August 1984.

———. “U.S. Is Dispatching Helicopters to Egypt to Help Clear the Red Sea of Explosives.” Wall Street Journal, 7 August 1984.

“Ship Strikes Mine in Red Sea, Sinks.” Seattle Times, 25 April 1985.

“Soviet Ships at Suez Expected to Join Hunt.” The Globe and Mail, 23 August 1984.

“Soviet Trawler Hit by Red Sea Mine as Sweepers Arrive.” The Globe and Mail, 15 August 1984.

“Soviet-Made Mine Found in Red Sea.” Winnipeg Free Press, 17 September 1984.

“Soviets See U.S. Power Play in Red Sea.” The Globe and Mail, 13 August 1984.

[9]

Southerland, Daniel. “West Acts Calmly and Quickly to Counter Red Sea Mining.” The Christian Science Monitor, 8 August 1984.

“Sweeping the Red Sea Mines.” Boston Globe, 9 August 1984.

“Tanker Is Struck by Red Sea Blast; Mine Is Suspected.” New York Times, 6 August 1984.

“Teheran Blames U.S. and Israel for Red Sea Mines.” New York Times, 9 August 1984.

Temko, Ned. “Red Sea Blasts: Gulf War Spinoff?” The Christian Science Monitor, 7 August 1984.

———. “Red Sea Crisis Boosts US.” The Christian Science Monitor, 15 August 1984.

“Terrorism’s Worldwide Reach.” Omaha World-Herald, 31 August 1984.

“Top-Level Inquiry to Probe Blasts Near Suez Canal.” The Globe and Mail, 1 August 1984.

Truver, Scott C. “Mines of August: An International Whodunit” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 111, no. 5 (May 1985): 94–117.

Turner, Stansfield. “Terrorism’s New Weapon: Mines at Sea.” The Christian Science Monitor, 27 August 1984.

“Two Ships Damaged by Mines in Red Sea, North Yemen Reports.” The Globe and Mail, 4 August 1984.

Ulbrich, Jeffrey. “US Sweeps Sea for Mines; Iran Warns Against Harassing of Ships.” Boston Globe, 18 August 1984.

———. “US, British Forces Search for Mines in Suez Gulf.” Boston Globe, 19 August 1984.

“U.K. Forces in Red Sea Find Unidentified Mine.” The Globe and Mail, 18 September 1984.

“U.S. Copters on Call for Suez Minesweeping.” Los Angeles Times, 5 August 1984.

“U.S. Copters Still Draw Blank in Hunt for Mines.” The San Diego Union, 20 August 1984.

“U.S. Copters to Hunt Mines Near Saudi Red Sea Ports.” Los Angeles Times, 13 August 1984.

“U.S. Divers to Look for Mines,” UPI, 20 August 1984, http://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/08/20/US-divers-to-look-for-mines/6410461822400/.

“U.S. Expects to End Minesweeping in 10 Days.” New York Times, 5 September 1984.

“U.S. Helicopters Begin Sweeping Red Sea Waters for Mines.” The San Diego Union, 18 August 1984.

[10]

“U.S. Helicopters Sweep Saudi Coast for Mines.” Los Angeles Times, 19 August 1984.

“U.S. Helicopters to Help Egypt Sweep Red Sea Mines.” The San Diego Union, 7 August 1984.

“U.S. Military Experts to Clean Mines from Red Sea.” Philadelphia Daily News, 8 August 1984.

“U.S. Mine-Sweeping Choppers May Help Solve Suez Mystery.” The San Diego Union, 5 August 1984.

“U.S. Navy Investigates Possible Mines in Red Sea, New Mexico Daily Lobo, 31 August 1984.

“U.S. Sends Copters to Hunt Mines in Red Sea, Suez Gulf.” Los Angeles Times, 7 August 1984.

“U.S. Ties Libya to Mideast Mines.” New York Times, 4 October 1984.

“U.S. Vessel Shadows Soviet Mine-Hunters.” The Globe and Mail, 24 August 1984.

“U.S. Weighs Move to Help Egypt Rid Red Sea of Mines, New York Times, 5 August 1984; http://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/05/world/us-weighs-move-to-help-egypt-rid-red-sea-of-mines.html.

“UK, France to Join Hunt for (Red Sea) Mines.” The Vancouver Sun, 9 August 1984.

“US Begins Mine Hunt in Red Sea.” Halifax Chronicle-Herald, 18 August 1984.

“US Exploiting Mine Explosions in the Red Sea (Say Iran and Soviet Union).” Halifax Chronicle-Herald, 14 August 1984.

“US Helicopters to Join Red Sea (Mine Clearing) Force.” Halifax Chronicle-Herald, August 16,   1984.

“Vessel Reports Damage Caused by Red Sea Mine.” The Globe and Mail, 17 August 1984.

“Vowing to ‘Find It,’ U.S. Presses Mine Hunt.” New York Times, 20 August 1984, http://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/20/world/vowing-to-find-it-us-presses-mine-hunt.html

Weisman, Steven R. “Reagan and Italian Confer on Red Sea Mines.” New York Times, 14 August 1984.

4.1.2 Operation Candid Hammer
            First Gulf War Mine Countermeasures
            November 1990–October 1991

Arthur, Vice Admiral Stanley R., and Marvin Pokrant. “Desert Storm at Sea.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 117, no. 5 (May 1991): 82–87.

[11]

Brown, David K., and David Foxwell. “The Gulf War In Review. Report from the Front: MCM and the Threat beneath the Surface.” Two parts. International Defense Review 5 (1991): 451–81, and 7 (1991): 735–38.

De Wilde, Vice Admiral Josef. “Mine Warfare in the Gulf.” NATO’s Sixteen Nations 1 (1992): 9–11.

Fortin, Lieutenant Ernest, USNR. “Those Damn Mines.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 118, no. 7 (July 1992): 95–98.

Foxwell, David. “Mine Warfare in an Uncertain World.” International Defense Review 5 (1992): 425–29.

———. “Naval Mine Warfare: Underfunded and Underappreciated.” International Defense Review 2 (1993): 125–29.

Martin, Captain J. M. “We Still Haven’t Learned.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 117, no. 7 (July 1991): 64–68.

Miller, Mitchel. “Navy Minesweepers Said to be Up to the Task in the Persian Gulf.” UPI, 19 February 1991; http://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/02/19/Navy-minesweepers-said-to-be-up-to-task-in-Persian-Gulf/6178666939600/.

Nagle, Commander R. J., USN. “Having a Blast in the Persian Gulf.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 118, no. 10 (October 1992): 104–107.

“Operation Candid Hammer” Remembering the Gulf War—Operation Desert Storm, Today in Gulf War History, 16 January 2013; https://www.facebook.com/RememberingtheGulfWar/posts/467897699934301

Preston, Anthony. “Allied MCM in the Gulf.” Naval Forces 4 (1991): 48–69.

Truver, Scott C. “Exploding the Mine Warfare Myth.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 120, no. 10 (October 1994): 36–43.

———. “Wanted: U.S. Navy Mine Warfare Champion.” Naval War College Review 68, no. 2 (Spring 2015): 116ff.

White, Carle. “Shallow Water Mines—Meeting the Challenge.” Amphibious Review, Summer/Fall 1992, 78–84.

4.2 Books

Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner. The Lessons of Modern War, Volume IV: The Gulf War. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996. Chapter 10, 810–17.

Crist, David. Twilight War: The Secret History of America’s Thirty-Year Conflict with Iran. New York: Penguin, 2013. Chapter 13, “The Invisible Hand of God,” 235–55.

[12]

Hartmann, Gregory K. with Scott C. Truver. Weapons that Wait: Mine Warfare in the U.S. Navy. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1991, 250–55.

Lambert, Andrew. “The Naval War,” in John Pimlott and Stephen Badsey, eds. The Gulf War Assessed. London: Arms and Armour, 1992, 125–46.

Levie, Howard S. Mine Warfare at Sea. Leyden, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1992, 159–62, 166–70.

Melia, Tamara Moser. Damn the Torpedoes: A Short History of U.S. Naval Mine Countermeasures, 1777–1991. Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1991, http://edocs.nps.edu/dodpubs/topic/general/DamnTorpedoesWhole.pdf, 118–19.

Marolda, Edward J. and Robert J. Schneller, Jr. Shield and Sword: The United States Navy and the Persian Gulf War. Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1998, 68, 118, 122, 141–42, 148–49, 181, 192, 205, 212, 223–26, 231, 233, 247–51, 255–59, 277, 282, 321–25, 442.

Navias, Martin S., and E. R. Hooton. Tanker Wars: The Assault on Merchant Shipping During the Iran-Iraq Conflict, 1980–1988. London: Tauris Academic Studies, I. B. Tauris Publishers, 1996, Chapter 6.

Palmer, Michael A. On Course to Desert Storm: The United States Navy in the Persian Gulf. Contributions to Naval History No. 5. Washington, D.C. Naval Historical Center, 1992, 121–4.

Pokrant, Marvin. Desert Storm at Sea: What the Navy Really Did. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Contributions in Military Studies Number 175, 1999, chapters 9, 12, and 15.

4.3 CNA REPORTS

Edlow, Sabrina R. U.S. Employment of Naval Mines: A Chronology (CIM 502). Alexandria, VA: Center for Naval Analyses, 1997.

Lyons, H. Dwight, et al. The Mine Threat: Show Stopper or Speed Bump? Alexandria, VA: Center for Naval Analyses,1993.

4.4 COMMAND HISTORIES

USS John L. Hall (FFG-32), Command History, 1984, http://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives/command-operation-reports/ship-command-operation-reports/j/john-l-hall-ffg-32-i/1984.pdf.

USS Shreveport (LPD-12), Command History, 1984, http://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives/command-operation-reports/ship-command-operation-reports/s/shreveport-lpd-12-ii/pdf/1984.pdf http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/s/shreveport-ii--lpd-12-.html.

[13]

Helicopter Combat Support Squadron 4 (HC-4) , Command History, 1984, http://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives/command-operation-reports/aviation-squadron-command-operation-reports/hc/hc-4/pdf/1984.pdf.

Patrol Squadron 4 (VP-4) Support to CANDID HAMMER (November–December 1990), Command History: Michael D. Roberts. Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons, Volume 2: The History of VP, VPB, VP(HL) and VP(AM) Squadrons. Washington, DC: Department of the Navy, Naval Historical Center, undated. Chapter 3, 39.

The following command histories of MCM helicopters and vessels deployed to Intense Look and Candid Hammer/Gulf operations were not available at NHHC and proved impossible to find elsewhere:

  • AMCM Helicopter Squadron Fourteen, 1984, 1990–1991 (NHHC has no command history reports for HM squadrons, generally)
  • USS Adroit (MSO-509), 1990–91
  • USS Avenger (MCM-1), 1990–91
  • USNS Harkness (T-AGS-32), 1984
  • USS Impervious (MSO-449), 1990–91
  • USS Leader (MSO-490), 1990–91

4.5 GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

Department of Defense. Conduct of the Persian Gulf War: Final Report. Washington, DC: 1992, www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/Reading_Room/Other/404.pdf, 273–78.

Department of the Navy, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. The United States Navy in “Desert Shield/Desert Storm” and Annex A. Washington, DC: May 1991.

DON/CNO/HQMC/DHS/USCG. The Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations (NWP1-14M). Washington, DC: July 2007, Section 9.2, 92–93.

Department of State. Mine Threat in the Gulf of Suez and Red Sea. Washington, DC: 1984.

Joint Special Operations Activity, Joint Chiefs of Staff . Soviet News and Propaganda Analysis, 1–31 August 1984 (QE-Q148 259, DTIC). Washington, DC: 1984, 4, 10–11, 24.

Mine Warfare/EOD Branch (OP-363), Assistant Chief of Naval Operations for Surface Warfare (OP-03), Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. Mine Warfare Plan: Meeting the Challenges of an Uncertain World (U). Washington DC: January 1992.

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4.6 ACADEMIC MATERIALS

Abunafeesa, Elsadig Yagoub A. “The Post-1970 Political Geography of the Red Sea Region with Special Reference to United States Interests.” Dissertation, Durham University, 1985. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7876/, 384, 394–400.

Adkins, LTC Arthur A. and CDR David P. Burnett. “Solving the Mine Countermeasures Problem: A Matter of Focus and Priority.” Paper, Naval War College, May 1996.

Ball, LCDR James F. “The Effects of Sea Mining upon Amphibious Warfare.” Paper, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 5 June 1992.

Bordon, CDR Steven A. “Mine Countermeasures: A Comparative Analysis of US Navy Mine Countermeasures 1999 VS 2020. Paper, U.S. Army War College, 10 April 2000.

Boynton, LCDR Colin K. “Operations to Defeat Iranian Maritime Trade Interdiction.” Paper, Naval War College, 4 May 2009.

Gilbert, Jason A. “The Combined Mine Countermeasures Force: A Unified Commander-in-Chief’s Answer to the Mine Threat.” Paper, Naval War College, 5 February 2001, 8.

Lluy, Paul A. “Mine Warfare: An Old Threat Presents New Challenges for NATO’s Post-Cold War Navies.” Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, December 1995, 18, 53.

Molenda, LCDR Patrick A. “Organic Mine Countermeasures: An Operational Commander’s Key to Unlocking the Littorals?” Paper, Naval War College, 5 February 2001.

Nerheim, CDR Steven. “Enabling the Enabling Force: A Naval Mine Countermeasures Force for the Twenty-First Century.” Paper, Marine Corps War College, Marine Corps University, May 1991.

Reed, Juden Justice. “‘Damn the Torpedoes!’: International Standards Regarding the Use of Automatic Submarine Mines.” Fordham International Law Journal 8, Issue 2, Article 5 (1984): 286ff.

Rios, John J. “Naval Mines in the 21st Century: Can NATO Navies Meet the Challenge?” Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, June 2005, 12, 40–43.

Sparks, CDR Michael C. “A Critical Vulnerability, A Valid Threat: U.S. Ports and Terrorist Mining.” Paper, Joint Forces Staff College, Joint Advanced Warfighting School, 13 April 2005.

von Bleichert, Peter. “Port Security: The Terrorist Naval Mine/Underwater Improvised Explosive Device Threat.” Dissertation, Walden University, 2015, http://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations

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Wainwright, Ronnie Ann. “Navigation through Three Straits in the Middle East: Effects on the United States of Being a Nonparty to the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea.” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 18, Issue 3 (1986): 361ff.

Walker, George K., ed. “The Tanker War, 1980–1988: Law and Policy.” International Law Studies 74, Naval War College Press (2000): 481–604.

Widmayer, Dr. Raymond S. “A Strategic and Industrial Assessment of Sea Mine Warfare in the Post-Cold War Era.” Paper, The Industrial College of the Armed Services, April 1993.

4.6 CONFERENCES AND SEMINARS

Cockfield, David W. The Gulf of Suez Mining Crisis: Terrorism at Sea. Transcript of seminar held 30 May 1985, at U.S. Naval Academy, moderated by David W. Cockfield. Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute, May 1985.

4.7 MEDIA

Photo: “Equipment in support of Operation INTENSE LOOK is stacked on the flight deck of the amphibious transport dock USS SHREVEPORT (LPD-12) during Operation INTENSE LOOK,” https://research.archives.gov/id/6396269.

Photo: “Equipment in support of Operation INTENSE LOOK is stored on bunks in a berthing area aboard the amphibious transport dock USS SHREVEPORT (LPD-12). The area is being occupied by members of Helicopter Mine Countermeasures Squadron 14 (HM-14) during their participation in the Operation,” http://research.archives.gov/description/6396271.

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[END]

Published: Wed Dec 14 09:23:57 EST 2016