Naval History and Heritage Command
The Navy Department Library
Appendix 1
U.S. Navy Operations 1980–2010 (158)
Types of Operations: Peace Ops/Forward Presence, Humanitarian Assistance/Disaster Relief (HADR), Freedom of Navigation (FON), Maritime Intercept Ops (MIO)1, Counter-Piracy, Noncombatant Evacuation Operations (NEO), Show of Force, Contingent Positioning, Combat
1980–89 (49)
| Name/Dates | Type | Region/Countries |
| Desert One 1980 | Combat | Arabian Gulf/Iran |
| Creek Sentry 1980–81 | Show of Force | Europe/Baltic/Poland |
| Iran-Iraq War 1981–82 | Show of Force | Arabian Gulf/Iraq/Iran |
| Israeli Invasion 1981 | NEO | Mediterranean/Lebanon/Israel |
| Al-Biqa Missiles I 1981 | Show of Force | Mediterranean/Israel/Syria |
| Sadat Assassination 1981 | Contingent | Mediterranean/Egypt |
| Yugoslav Unrest 1981 | Contingent | Mediterranean/Adriatic/Yugoslavia |
| Gulf of Sirte I 1981 | FON | Mediterranean/Libya |
| Surveillance Ops 1981 | Show of Force | Western Hemisphere/Nicaragua |
| ELF Sentry 1982–83 | Contingent | Mediterranean/Egypt |
| Lebanon War 1982–84 | Contingent | Mediterranean/Lebanon/Israel |
| Early Call 1983 | Show of Force | Mediterranean/Egypt/Libya |
| Marine Barracks Bombing 1983 | Combat | Mediterranean/Lebanon |
| Chad 1983 | Peace Ops | Africa/Chad/Libya |
| KAL007 1983 | Show of Force | Pacific/Soviet Union/S. Korea |
| Urgent Fury 1983 | Combat | Western Hemisphere/Grenada |
| Seaward Explorer Rescue 1984 | Contingent | Western Hemisphere/Cuba |
| Syria Attack 1984 | Combat | Mediterranean/Lebanon |
| Lebanon Withdrawal 1984 | Combat | Mediterranean/Lebanon |
| Iran-Iraq War 1984 | Show of Force | Arabian Gulf |
| Basra-Kharg Island Crisis 1984 | Show of Force | Arabian Gulf |
| Intense Look 1984 | Show of Force | Red Sea/Gulf of Aqaba/Libya |
| Ship Escorts 1984–1986 | Show of Force | Arabian Gulf |
| Embassy Show of Force 1985 | Show of Force | Mediterranean/Lebanon |
| Saudi Hijacking 1985 | Contingent | Arabian Gulf |
| Lebanon Hostages 1986 | Contingent | Mediterranean/Lebanon |
| Display Determination 1986 | Contingent | Mediterranean/Turkey |
| Egypt Air Hijacking 1986 | Contingent | Mediterranean/Morocco |
| TWA 847 Hijacking 1986 | Contingent | Mediterranean/Lebanon |
| Achille Lauro Rescue 1986 | Combat | Mediterranean/Italy |
| Gulf of Sirte II 1986 | FON | Mediterranean/Libya |
[1]
| El Dorado Canyon 1986 | Combat | Mediterranean/Libya |
| Yemen Civil War 1986 | NEO | Indian Ocean/Yemen |
| Lebanon Hostages 1987 | Contingent | Mediterranean/Lebanon |
| Pakistan Air Hijacking 1987 | Contingent | Mediterranean/Cyprus |
| Nimble Archer 1987 | Combat | Arabian Gulf/Iran |
| USS Stark 1987 | Combat | Arabian Gulf/Iraq |
| Earnest Will 1987–88 | Show of Force | Arabian Gulf/Iraq/Iran/Kuwait |
| Pneumatic Hammer 1987–88 | Show of Force | Arabian Gulf/Iraq/Iran/Kuwait |
| Praying Mantis 1988 | Combat | Arabian Gulf/Iran |
| USS Samuel B. Roberts 1988 | Combat | Arabian Gulf/Iran |
| Jittery Prop 1988 | Contingent | Western Hemisphere/El Salvador/Nicaragua |
| Golden Pheasant 1988 | Show of Force | Western Hemisphere/Honduras |
| Nimrod Dancer 1988–89 | Show of Force | Western Hemisphere/Panama |
| Valiant Boom 1988 | Show of Force | Western Hemisphere/Panama |
| Maldives Coup 1989 | Contingent | Indian Ocean/Maldives |
| Classic Resolve 1989 | Show of Force | Pacific/Philippines |
| Hurricane Hugo 1989 | HADR | U.S. East Coast |
| Just Cause 1989–90 | Combat | Western Hemisphere/Panama |
1990–99 (85)
| Sea Angel 1990 | HADR | SW Asia/Bangladesh |
| Sharp Edge 1990–91 | NEO | Africa/Liberia |
| Desert Shield 1990–91 | Show of Force | Arabian Gulf/Iraq |
| Candid Hammer 1990–91 | Show of Force | Arabian Gulf/Iraq |
| Desert Storm 1991 | Combat | Arabian Gulf/Iraq |
| Provide Comfort 1991–97 | Show of Force | Arabian Gulf/Iraq |
| Iraq MIO 1991–2000 | MIO | Arabian Gulf/Iraq |
| Eastern Exit 1991 | NEO | Africa/Somalia |
| Victor Squared 1991 | NEO | Western Hemisphere/Haiti |
| Impressive Lift 1992 | Peace Ops | Africa/Somalia |
| Hot Rock 2010–11 | HADR | Mediterranean/Sicily |
| Iraq Nuclear Facility Strike 1992 | Combat | Arabian Gulf/Iraq |
| Southern Watch 1992–2000 | Peace Ops /MIO/Combat | Arabian Gulf/Iraq |
| Sharp Guard/Decisive Enhancement 1992–98 | Show of Force | Mediterranean/Balkans |
| Sharp Vigilance 1992 | Show of Force | Mediterranean/Balkans |
| Maritime Guard 1992–93 | Show of Force | Mediterranean/Balkans |
| Deny Flight 1993–95 | Show of Force | Mediterranean/Balkans |
| Provide Promise 1994 | Contingent | Mediterranean/Balkans |
| Joint Endeavor 1996 | Peace Ops | Mediterranean/Balkans |
| Decisive Edge 1996 | Show of Force | Mediterranean/Balkan |
| Deliberate Force 1996 | Combat | Mediterranean/Balkans |
[2]
| Deliberate Guard 1996–97 | Show of Force | Mediterranean/Balkans |
| Joint Guard 1996–98 | Peace Ops | Mediterranean/Balkans |
| Joint Forge 1997–2001 | Show of Force | Mediterranean/Balkans |
| Deliberate Forge 1997–98 | Show of Force | Mediterranean/Balkans |
| Iraq TLAM Strikes 1993 | Combat | Arabian Gulf/Iraq |
| Restore Hope 1993 | HADR | Africa/Somalia |
| Korea/Nuclear Tensions 1993–94 | Show of Force | Pacific/Koreas/Japan |
| Support Democracy 1993–94 | Show of Force | Western Hemisphere/Haiti |
| Continued Hope 1993–95 | Peace Ops | Africa/Somalia |
| Show Care | Peace Ops | Africa/Somalia |
| More Care | Peace Ops | Africa/Somalia |
| Quick Draw | Peace Ops | Africa/Somalia |
| Distant Runner 1994 | NEO | Africa/Liberia |
| Support Hope 1994 | HADR | Africa/Somalia |
| USLO Withdrawal 1994 | NEO | Africa/Somalia |
| Able Vigil 1994 | MIO | Western Hemisphere/Cuba |
| Vigilant Warrior 1994–95 | Show of Force | Arabian Gulf/Kuwait |
| Uphold Democracy 1994–95 | Show of Force | Western Hemisphere/Haiti |
| Maintain Democracy 1995 | Peace Ops | Western Hemisphere/Haiti |
| Sea Signal JTF 1994–96 | MIO | Western Hemisphere /Cuba/Haiti |
| Greece/Turkey Tension 1995 | Show of Force | Mediterranean |
| United Shield 1995 | NEO | Africa/Somalia |
| Nuclear Reactor Negotiations 1995 | Contingent | Pacific/Koreas |
| Vigilant Sentinel 1995–96 | Show of Force | Arabian Gulf/Iraq |
| Sentinel Safeguard 1996 | Show of Force | Western Hemisphere/Cuba |
| Assured Response 1996 | NEO | Africa/Liberia |
| Quick Response 1996 | NEO | Africa/Monrovia |
| Taiwan Flexible Deterrent 1996 | Show of Force | Pacific/China (PRC)/Taiwan |
| Desert Strike 1996–97 | Combat | Arabian Gulf/Iraq |
| Operation Monitor 1997 | Contingent | Western Hemisphere/Cuba |
| Passive Oversight 1997 | Contingent | Western Hemisphere/Cuba |
| Silver Wake 1997 | NEO | Mediterranean/Albania |
| Guardian Retrieval 1997 | NEO | Africa/Zaire |
| Noble Obelisk 1997 | NEO | Africa/Sierra Leone |
| Bevel Edge 1997 | Show of Force | Pacific/Cambodia |
| Silent Assurance 1997–98 | Combat | SW Asia/Afghanistan |
| Northern Watch 1997–2001 | Show of Force | Arabian Gulf/Iraq |
| Desert Thunder 1997–98 | Show of Force | Arabian Gulf/Iraq |
| Desert Fox 1998 | Show of Force | Arabian Gulf/Iraq |
| Bevel Incline 1998 | NEO | Pacific/Indonesia |
| Autumn Shelter 1998 | NEO | Africa/Zaire |
| Shadow Express 1998 | NEO | Africa/Liberia |
[3]
| Safe Departure 1998 | NEO | Africa/Ethiopia/Iritrea |
| Silver Knight 1998 | NEO | Mediterranean/Albania |
| Determined Falcon 1998 | Show of Force | Mediterranean/Balkans |
| Deliberate Guard 1998 | Show of Force | Mediterranean/Balkans |
| Balkan Calm 1998 | Peace Ops | Mediterranean/Bakans |
| Infinite Reach 1998 | Combat | Africa/Sudan/Afghanistan |
| Resolute Response 1998 | NEO | Africa/Kenya |
| Safe Departure 1998 | NEO | Africa/Eritrea |
| Desert Fox 1998 | Combat | Arabian Gulf/Iraq |
| Eritrea NEO 1999 | NEO | Africa/Eritrea |
| Shadow Express 1999 | NEO | Africa/Liberia |
| Desert Viper 1999 | Show of Force | Arabian Gulf/Iraq |
| Noble Anvil 1999 | Combat | Mediterranean/Balkans |
| Shining Hope 1999 | Peace Ops | Mediterranean/Balkans |
| Allied Force 1999 | Peace Ops | Mediterranean/Balkans |
| Joint Guardian 1999 | Peace Ops | Mediterranean/Balkans |
| Balkan Calm II 1999 | NEO | Mediterranean/Balkans |
| Noble Safeguard 1999 | Show of Force | Mediterranean/Israel |
| Avid Response 1999 | HADR | Mediterranean/Turkey |
| East Timor Stabilize 1999–2001 | HADR | Pacific/Indonesia |
2000–10 (24)
| Determined Response 2000 | NEO | Indian Ocean/Yemen |
| EP3 Incident (PRC) 2001 | FON | Pacific/China (PRC) |
| Bold Samaritan 2000–2002 | HADR | Pacific/Indonesia/East Timor |
| Sheltering Sky 2003 | NEO | Africa/Liberia |
| Enduring Freedom 2001–2014 | Contingent/ Combat | SW Asia/Afghanistan |
| Pegasus Venture 2002 | Combat | Arabian Gulf/Iraq |
| Dynamic Response 2002–2003 | Peace Ops | Mediterranean/Balkans |
| Shining Express 2003 | Contingent/ NEO | Africa/Liberia |
| North Korea Nuclear Crisis 2003 | Show of Force | Pacific/Koreas/Japan |
| Iraqi Freedom 2003–10 | Combat | Arabian Gulf/Iraq |
| Unified Assistance 2004–2005 | HADR | Pacific/Thailand/Indonesia |
| JTF Katrina 2005 | HADR | U.S. Gulf Coast |
| Sea Horse 2005 | Combat | Arabian Gulf/Iraq |
| Lebanon War II 2006 | NEO | Mediterranean/Lebanon/Israel |
| Goodwill-Kaibigan 2007 | HADR | Pacific/Philippines |
| Sea Angel II 2007 | HADR | SWA/Bangladesh |
| Caring Response 2008 | HADR | Pacific/Samoa/Tonga/Solomon Islands/ Kiribati/Marshall Islands |
[4]
| Assured Delivery 2008 | Show of Force | Russia/Georgia |
| Ocean Shield 2008– | Counter-Piracy | Indian Ocean/Gulf of Aden |
| Allied Protector 2009– | Counter-Piracy | Indian Ocean/Gulf of Aden |
| Maersk Alabama 2009 | Counter-Piracy | Indian Ocean/Gulf of Aden |
| Deepwater Horizon BP Oil Spill 2010 | HADR | U.S. Gulf Coast |
| Unified Response 2010 | HADR | Western Hemisphere/Haiti |
| New Dawn 2010–11 | Combat | Arabian Gulf/Iraq |
Sources:
Cobble, W. Eugene, H. H. Gafney and Dmitry Gorenburg, For the Record: All U.S. Forces’
Responses to Situations, 1970–2000 (with Additions Covering 2000–2003). Alexandria, VA: Center for Naval Analyses, Center for Strategic Studies, CIM D0008414.A3/1Rev, May 2005.
Forster, Larissa. Influence without Boots on the Ground: Seaborne Crisis Response. Newport, RI: Naval War College Press, Newport Papers 39, January 2013.
Gafney, H. H. and Robert C. Benbow Jr., et al. Employment of Amphibious MEUs in National Responses to Situations. Alexandria, VA: Center for Naval Analyses, Center for Strategic Studies, CIM D0015288.A2/Final, December 2006.
Kingsley, Maria and Alison Rimsky Vernon. Disaster Relief and Engagement Operations, 1990– 2010: A Synthesis of CNA Analyses. Alexandria, VA: Center for Naval Analyses, CRM D0024934.A1/Final, April 2011.
Seigel, Adam B. “The Use of Naval Forces in the Post-War Era: U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps Crisis Response Activity, 1946–1990.” Center for Naval Analyses Research Memorandum 90-246, February 1991.
Swartz, Peter M. and Karin Duggan. The U.S. Navy in the World (1981–1990): Context for U.S. Navy Capstone Strategies and Concepts. Alexandria, VA: Center for Naval Analyses, MISC D0026419.A1/Final, December 2011.
Swartz, Peter M. and Karin Duggan. The U.S. Navy in the World (1991–2000): Context for U.S. Navy Capstone Strategies and Concepts. Alexandria, VA: Center for Naval Analyses, MISC D0026420.A2/Final, March 2013.
Swartz, Peter M. and Karin Duggan. The U.S. Navy in the World (2001–2010): Context for U.S. Navy Capstone Strategies and Concepts. Alexandria, VA: Center for Naval Analyses, MISC D0026422.A2/Final, December 2011.
Note:
1 MIO also included vessel boarding, search and seizure (VBSS) ops.
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